Imaging modes in confocal scanning light microscopy (CSLM)

Abstract

SUMMARYThe optical arrangement for confocal scanning light microscopy can be incorporated in various imaging modes. Light microscopical specimens can be imaged with contrast enhanced, under y-control, inverted, etc. In interference, conditions can be set such that either pure phase or pure amplitude images result. Stereoscopic images at arbitrary aspect ratios can be realized in CSLM by electronic processing of the data obtained when the specimen is sampled with more than one confocal point concurrently. Also forms of differential imaging either amplitude or phase are possible. The coupling of these imaging modes with the improved resolving powers of CSLM results in some unique imaging opportunities, especially of value for high resolution light microscopy of living specimens.

Confocal scanning light microscopy of Escherichia coli nucleoid: Comparison with phase contrast and electron microscope images

“…The design of the CSLM has been published previously (2,4 preparation is moved through the coinciding focal points. The photomultiplier signals are electronically processed and translated into a video image.…”

“…The gain in resolution with the CSLM as compared with the traditional LM was demonstrated by Brakenhoff et al (2,3). In a recent biological application of CSLM, the banding pattern of a segment of Drosophila hydei was studied (6).…”

“…For study of the nucleoid in living cells and for examination of the effects of fixation on the morphology of the nucleoid at higher resolution, the confocal scanning light microscope (CSLM) was developed in our laboratory (2)(3)(4). The gain in resolution with the CSLM as compared with the traditional LM was demonstrated by Brakenhoff et al (2,3).…”

Microwave processing of meat

“…Early presentation of the imaging abilities and the initial improved confocal was displayed in publication by Brakenhoff (1979). Sheppard et al (1977) and Brakenhoff (1979) both employed laser as a light source. They also used a mechanical scanning that moves the specimens through the stationary confocal point.…”

“…Fluorescence confocal microscopy also applied in the investigation of living cells. Calcium probes for the study of calcium spread in cells and searching SH groups (Brakenhoff, 1979;Grynkiewicz et al, 1985;Wijnaeadts Van Resandt et al, 1985). Confocal scanning laser microscopy has been applied as a new technique in the study of microstructure of food during recent years.…”