Imaging the Head and Brain

Broder, Joshua; Preston, Robert

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6113-7.10001-8

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 189 publications

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“…The insula (or insular cortex) is a thin ribbon of gray matter tissue that lies just deep to the lateral brain surface, separating the temporal lobe from the inferior parietal cortex (Broder and Preston, 2011 ). Taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control are only a few of the homeostatic activities pertaining to basic survival needs that involve the insula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Insular Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Its Relation to Social Dysfunctioning in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Fateh

Huang

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Anomalies in large-scale cognitive control networks impacting social attention abilities are hypothesized to be the cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The precise nature of abnormal brain functional connectivity (FC) dynamics including other regions, on the other hand, is unknown. The concept that insular dynamic FC (dFC) among distinct brain regions is dysregulated in children with ADHD was evaluated using Insular subregions, and we studied how these dysregulations lead to social dysfunctioning. Data from 30 children with ADHD and 28 healthy controls (HCs) were evaluated using dynamic resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We evaluated the dFC within six subdivisions, namely both left and right dorsal anterior insula (dAI), ventral anterior insula (vAI), and posterior insula (PI). Using the insular sub-regions as seeds, we performed group comparison between the two groups. To do so, two sample t-tests were used, followed by post-hoc t-tests. Compared to the HCs, patients with ADHD exhibited decreased dFC values between right dAI and the left middle frontal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus and right of cerebellum crus, respectively. Results also showed a decreased dFC between left dAI and thalamus, left vAI and left precuneus and left PI with temporal pole. From the standpoint of the dynamic functional connectivity of insular subregions, our findings add to the growing body of evidence on brain dysfunction in ADHD. This research adds to our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms behind social functioning deficits in ADHD. Future ADHD research could benefit from merging the dFC approach with task-related fMRI and non-invasive brain stimulation, which could aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Insular Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Its Relation to Social Dysfunctioning in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Fateh

Huang

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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“…In clinical CT, the intensity of a tissue is represented using the Hounsfield scale, with water having a value of 0 H.U., tissues denser than water having positive values, and tissues less dense than water having negative values. 43 In

, the intensity is not represented by Hounsfield scale. The intensity range of the clinical CT volume was about 3500 H.U.…”

Section: Experiments and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SR-CycleGAN: super-resolution of clinical CT to micro-CT level with multi-modality super-resolution loss

et al. 2022

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. Purpose We propose a super-resolution (SR) method, named SR-CycleGAN, for SR of clinical computed tomography (CT) images to the micro-focus x-ray CT CT ( ) level. Due to the resolution limitations of clinical CT (about ), it is challenging to obtain enough pathological information. On the other hand, scanning allows the imaging of lung specimens with significantly higher resolution (about or higher), which allows us to obtain and analyze detailed anatomical information. As a way to obtain detailed information such as cancer invasion and bronchioles from preoperative clinical CT images of lung cancer patients, the SR of clinical CT images to the level is desired. Approach Typical SR methods require aligned pairs of low-resolution (LR) and high-resolution images for training, but it is infeasible to obtain precisely aligned paired clinical CT and images. To solve this problem, we propose an unpaired SR approach that can perform SR on clinical CT to the level. We modify a conventional image-to-image translation network named CycleGAN to an inter-modality translation network named SR-CycleGAN. The modifications consist of three parts: (1) an innovative loss function named multi-modality super-resolution loss, (2) optimized SR network structures for enlarging the input LR image to -times by width and height to obtain the SR output, and (3) sub-pixel shuffling layers for reducing computing time. Results Experimental results demonstrated that our method successfully performed SR of lung clinical CT images. SSIM and PSNR scores of our method were 0.54 and 17.71, higher than the conventional CycleGAN’s scores of 0.05 and 13.64, respectively. Conclusions The proposed SR-CycleGAN is usable for the SR of a lung clinical CT into scale, while conventional CycleGAN output images with low qualitative and quantitative values. More lung micro-anatomy information could be observed to aid diagnosis, such as the shape of bronchioles walls.

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“…Attenuation of CT X-ray is proportional to the density of the tissue. Tissue having low densities like air and water have little attenuation lookshypodense, while tissues with a high density such as bones having high attenuation appear bright in CT. 6 The radiodensity of tissue is measured using Hounsfield (a quantitative scale) 7 . Attenuation of CT X-rays is expressed according to linear density scale as "Hounsfield unit" (HU) 8 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isodense Acute Epidural Hematoma in an Anemic Patient – Diagnostic and Therapeutic Trap: A Case Report

Khan

Khan²,

Haq³

et al. 2021

Pak J Neurol Surg

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Post-traumatic acute epidural and subdural hematoma is a common neurosurgical emergency. Epidural or extradural hematoma is an accumulation of blood between the skull and dura mater, mostly appears asa hyperdense biconvex shape on computed tomography (CT) scan. In our present study, weencountered a case of an eight years old malechild brought to the hospital with head trauma in aroad traffic accident. Initial CT scan revealed an epidural hematoma, which appeared isodense rather than the usual hyperdense presentation. This unusual presentation was due to low hematocrit (HCT). Thisparticular presentation poses a diagnostic dilemma and can compromise patient managementultimately leading to treatment failure. Here, we present a case report about diagnosing and managing an anemic patient with traumatic isodense acute epidural hematoma.

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Imaging the Head and Brain

Cited by 14 publications

References 189 publications

Abnormal Insular Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Its Relation to Social Dysfunctioning in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abnormal Insular Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Its Relation to Social Dysfunctioning in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

SR-CycleGAN: super-resolution of clinical CT to micro-CT level with multi-modality super-resolution loss

Isodense Acute Epidural Hematoma in an Anemic Patient – Diagnostic and Therapeutic Trap: A Case Report

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