Abstract:The study of the toxicity, biocompatibility, and environmental sustainability of room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) is still in its infancy. Understanding the impact of ILs on living organisms, especially from the aquatic ecosystem, is urgent, since large amounts of these substances are starting to be employed as solvents in industrial chemical processes, and on the other side, evidence of toxic effects of ILs on microorganisms and single cells have been observed. To date, the toxicity of ILs has been invest… Show more
“…5 ). The reduction correlates positively with the length of the imidazolium IL-cation tail and has been associated to the ability of the ILs to alter the membrane-actin cytoskeleton wall (Galluzzi et al 2018 ). A drop in the in-plane elasticity of the cellular lipid membrane has been measured in the human liver cancer cell line Huh7.5 incubated in [C 10 mim][BF 4 ], and has been associated to the rearrangement of lipids due to the presence of the ILs in the lipid region.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Action Of Ilsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5 AFM scan of the local elastic modulus of osteoblast cells a before and b after the addition of [C 4 mim][Cl] at 0.1 M concentration, showing the overall reduction of the cell membrane elasticity and the destabilization of the cytoskeleton motif induced by the IL (Benedetto and Ballone 2018a ). In c and d , Young’s modulus mean values ± errors for MDA-MB-231 cells interacting with different concentration of [C 4 mim][Cl] and [C 8 mim][Cl], respectively (Galluzzi et al 2018 ). Figures reproduced with permission from the publisher Fig.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Action Of Ilsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5 ). The reduction correlates positively with the length of the imidazolium IL-cation tail and has been associated to the ability of the ILs to alter the membrane-actin cytoskeleton wall (Galluzzi et al 2018 ).…”
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of organic electrolytes composed of an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, whose melting temperature falls around room-temperature. In the last 20 years, the toxicity of ILs towards cells and micro-organisms has been heavily investigated with the main aim to assess the risks associated with their potential use in (industrial) applications, and to develop strategies to design greener ILs. Toxicity, however, is synonym with affinity, and this has stimulated, in turn, a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations as well as few biochemical studies focused on the mechanisms of action (MoAs) of ILs, key step in the development of applications in bio-nanomedicine and bio-nanotechnology. This review has the intent to present an overview of the state of the art of the MoAs of ILs, which have been the focus of a limited number of studies but still sufficient enough to provide a first glimpse on the subject. The overall picture that emerges is quite intriguing and shows that ILs interact with cells in a variety of different mechanisms, including alteration of lipid distribution and cell membrane viscoelasticity, disruption of cell and nuclear membranes, mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species, chloroplast damage (in plants), alteration of transmembrane and cytoplasmatic proteins/enzyme functions, alteration of signaling pathways, and DNA fragmentation. Together with our earlier review work on the biophysics and chemical-physics of IL-cell membrane interactions (Biophys. Rev. 9:309, 2017), we hope that the present review, focused instead on the biochemical aspects, will stimulate a series of new investigations and discoveries in the still new and interdisciplinary field of “ILs, biomolecules, and cells.”
“…5 ). The reduction correlates positively with the length of the imidazolium IL-cation tail and has been associated to the ability of the ILs to alter the membrane-actin cytoskeleton wall (Galluzzi et al 2018 ). A drop in the in-plane elasticity of the cellular lipid membrane has been measured in the human liver cancer cell line Huh7.5 incubated in [C 10 mim][BF 4 ], and has been associated to the rearrangement of lipids due to the presence of the ILs in the lipid region.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Action Of Ilsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5 AFM scan of the local elastic modulus of osteoblast cells a before and b after the addition of [C 4 mim][Cl] at 0.1 M concentration, showing the overall reduction of the cell membrane elasticity and the destabilization of the cytoskeleton motif induced by the IL (Benedetto and Ballone 2018a ). In c and d , Young’s modulus mean values ± errors for MDA-MB-231 cells interacting with different concentration of [C 4 mim][Cl] and [C 8 mim][Cl], respectively (Galluzzi et al 2018 ). Figures reproduced with permission from the publisher Fig.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Action Of Ilsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5 ). The reduction correlates positively with the length of the imidazolium IL-cation tail and has been associated to the ability of the ILs to alter the membrane-actin cytoskeleton wall (Galluzzi et al 2018 ).…”
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of organic electrolytes composed of an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, whose melting temperature falls around room-temperature. In the last 20 years, the toxicity of ILs towards cells and micro-organisms has been heavily investigated with the main aim to assess the risks associated with their potential use in (industrial) applications, and to develop strategies to design greener ILs. Toxicity, however, is synonym with affinity, and this has stimulated, in turn, a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations as well as few biochemical studies focused on the mechanisms of action (MoAs) of ILs, key step in the development of applications in bio-nanomedicine and bio-nanotechnology. This review has the intent to present an overview of the state of the art of the MoAs of ILs, which have been the focus of a limited number of studies but still sufficient enough to provide a first glimpse on the subject. The overall picture that emerges is quite intriguing and shows that ILs interact with cells in a variety of different mechanisms, including alteration of lipid distribution and cell membrane viscoelasticity, disruption of cell and nuclear membranes, mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species, chloroplast damage (in plants), alteration of transmembrane and cytoplasmatic proteins/enzyme functions, alteration of signaling pathways, and DNA fragmentation. Together with our earlier review work on the biophysics and chemical-physics of IL-cell membrane interactions (Biophys. Rev. 9:309, 2017), we hope that the present review, focused instead on the biochemical aspects, will stimulate a series of new investigations and discoveries in the still new and interdisciplinary field of “ILs, biomolecules, and cells.”
“…The growing interest in implementing ionic liquids (ILs, a class of compounds composed of organic cations and inorganic anions) [1] in a broad range of medicinal and biotechnological applications, such as drug synthesis, fabrication of drug delivery systems, utilization as active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as chemical biosensors, [2,3] makes it desirable to conduct fundamental research to unveil the interaction between surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) with fatty acids and phospholipids with an ultimate goal of understanding their impact on the structure and dynamics of biological membranes. [4][5][6][7] The synthesis, self-assembly, and interfacial properties of a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ILs ([C n -mim]X, Scheme 1A) have been investigated independently by several research groups using various approaches. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Blesic et al reported on the micellization of [C n -mim]Cl, where the formation of aggregates was observed when n > 8.…”
A series of water soluble, surface‐active ionic liquids (SAILs), namely, 1‐alkyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chlorides ([Cn‐mim]Cl) and their mixtures with palmitic acid (PA) are investigated in Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films. It is inferred from the surface pressure‐area isotherms that C16‐mim‐IL mixes non‐ideally with PA and stabilizes the binary mixed films. In addition, the residence of mim‐IL at the water surface is enhanced as a function of the increasing alkyl side chain length. Generally, the compressional moduli values decrease upon increasing the content of the mim‐ILs over a wide range of compositions. Furthermore, film relaxation measurements indicate that the IL component is selectively excluded from the mixed films upon achieving a certain target pressure. Brewster angle microscope images demonstrate minimal changes on the PA domains in the presence of either C4‐ and C8‐mim‐ILs, whereas presence of the hexadecyl counterpart results in the formation of condensed sheets. Atomic force microscopy imaging of deposited films show the formation of propeller‐like aggregates when C8‐ or C16‐mim‐IL is present in the mixed films.
“…The lack of apoptosis is an important feature of tumor cells [22,23]. Singh (2019) has shown that the apoptosis level of colorectal cancer and adenoma is significantly reduced [24].…”
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a food-derived bioactive substance with multiple biological functions, which exists in animal cartilage and/or bone. Sturgeon, a type of cartilaginous fish, is rich in CS. Our recent study demonstrated the effect of sturgeon chondroitin sulfate (SCS) on reducing colorectal cancer cell proliferation and tumor formation. However, the molecular mechanisms of its anticancer activity remain unknown. In this study, the cell proliferation assay and flow cytometric analysis were used to examine the cell viability and apoptosis of colon cancer cell HT-29 cells and normal colonic epithelial cell NCM460 cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies were used to identify the main targets of SCS. SCS showed little effect on the genes/proteins expression profile of NCM460 cells but more sensitive to HT-29, in which 188 genes and 10 proteins were differentially expressed after SCS treatment. Enrichment analysis of those genes/proteins showed that the majority of them are involved in DNA replication, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine essential genes/proteins and networks targeted by SCS to exert inhibiting the development of colorectal cancer function. This study provided great insights into developing food-derived novel therapeutics for colorectal cancer treatment.
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