Immediate memory consequences of the effect of emotion on attention to pictures

Talmi, Deborah; Anderson, Adam K.; Riggs, Lily; Caplan, Jeremy B.; Moscovitch, Morris

doi:10.1101/lm.722908

Cited by 117 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…This theory has been supported by evidence that some brain regions, such as the fusiform gyrus, are conjointly activated for visual attention and memory enhancement for emotional information (Talmi et al, 2008). An attention-based theory has also been the dominant theory to explain the emotion-induced memory trade-off (see Reisberg & Heuer, 2004, for a review), the finding that emotional items are often remembered at the expense of their contexts.…”

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confidence: 61%

“…In addition, people fixate longer on irrelevant emotional distractor pictures than on neutral ones (Bannerman, Milders, & Sahraie, 2009;Calvo & Lang, 2004;Koster, Crombez, Verschuere, & De Houwer, 2004;Nummenmaa et al, 2006;Sarter, Givens, & Bruno, 2001). Thus, it seems that attention is initially focused on emotional information and that it is harder for participants to disengage attention from that information.The attention mediation hypothesis of the emotional enhancement of memory (Talmi, Anderson, Riggs, Caplan, & Moscovitch, 2008) and other attentional accounts (Cahill & McGaugh, 1998;Hamann, 2001) suggest that emotional enhancements in memory are at least partly due to the increased attention directed toward emotional items at encoding. This theory has been supported by evidence that 69-81 DOI 10.3758/s13421-012-0247-8 some brain regions, such as the fusiform gyrus, are conjointly activated for visual attention and memory enhancement for emotional information (Talmi et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The attention mediation hypothesis of the emotional enhancement of memory (Talmi, Anderson, Riggs, Caplan, & Moscovitch, 2008) and other attentional accounts (Cahill & McGaugh, 1998;Hamann, 2001) suggest that emotional enhancements in memory are at least partly due to the increased attention directed toward emotional items at encoding. This theory has been supported by evidence that 69-81 DOI 10.3758/s13421-012-0247-8 some brain regions, such as the fusiform gyrus, are conjointly activated for visual attention and memory enhancement for emotional information (Talmi et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

Steinmetz

Kensinger

2012

Mem Cogn

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Although it has been suggested that many effects of emotion on memory are attributable to attention, in the present study we addressed the hypothesis that such effects may relate to a number of different factors during encoding or postencoding. One way to look at the effects of emotion on memory is by examining the emotion-induced memory trade-off, whereby enhanced memory for emotional items often comes at the cost of memory for surrounding background information. We present evidence that this trade-off cannot be explained solely by overt attention (measured via eyetracking) directed to the emotional items during encoding. Participants did not devote more overt attention to emotional than to neutral items when those items were selectively remembered (at the expense of their backgrounds). Only when participants were asked to answer true/false questions about the items and the backgrounds-a manipulation designed to affect both overt attention and poststimulus elaboration-was there a reduction in selective emotional item memory due to an increase in background memory. These results indicate that the allocation of overt visual attention during encoding is not sufficient to predict the occurrence of selective item memory for emotional items.Keywords Memory . Attention . Emotion . Eye-tracking Emotional information is usually remembered better than neutral information (see Reisberg & Heuer, 2004), but the mechanisms behind this enhancement are still unclear. The increased memory for emotional information may be due to a number of different factors. For example, emotional stimuli may be more likely to attract and sustain attention (Anderson, 2005;Calvo & Lang, 2004), and emotional stimuli may also be more likely to evoke cognitive processing, elaboration, and rehearsal (Hamann, 2001;Libkuman, Stabler, & Otani, 2004).Many studies have provided evidence for the emotional prioritization of attention. People are quicker to notice emotional information within a visual array (Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001), are more likely to notice emotional words that are presented very quickly (Anderson & Phelps, 2001), and are more susceptible to interference from emotional than from neutral distractors (McKenna & Sharma, 1995;Schimmack & Derryberry, 2005). These behavioral effects of emotion on attention have also been shown in studies that have used eye gaze as a measure of overt visual attention: People tend to fixate first and to look longer at emotional pictures that are presented side by side with neutral pictures (Calvo & Lang, 2004;Nummenmaa, Hyönä, & Calvo, 2006). In addition, people fixate longer on irrelevant emotional distractor pictures than on neutral ones (Bannerman, Milders, & Sahraie, 2009;Calvo & Lang, 2004;Koster, Crombez, Verschuere, & De Houwer, 2004;Nummenmaa et al., 2006;Sarter, Givens, & Bruno, 2001). Thus, it seems that attention is initially focused on emotional information and that it is harder for participants to disengage attention from that information.The attention mediation hypothesis of the emoti...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

Steinmetz

Kensinger

2012

Mem Cogn

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“…The regions outside the HF and amygdala that were affected by genotype are well-established nodes within the circuitry underlying emotional information processing (right inferior frontal gyrus: Hariri et al, 2003b; and right fusiform gyrus-occipital cortex: Talmi et al, 2008). In all cases, emotional circuitry was more activated in the carriers of the schizophrenia risk alleles than in the non-risk homozygotes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effect of Schizophrenia Risk-Associated Alleles in SREB2 (GPR85) on Functional MRI Phenotypes in Healthy Volunteers

Radulescu¹,

Sambataro

Mattay

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Genetic variants in GPR85 (SREB2: rs56080411 and rs56039557) have been associated with risk for schizophrenia. Here, we test the hypothesis that these variants impact on brain function in normal subjects, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms that target regions with greatest SREB2 expression (hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex). During a facial emotion recognition paradigm, a significant interaction of rs56080411 genotype by sex was found in the left amygdaloid complex (male risk allele carriers showed less activation than male homozygotes for the non-risk allele, while females showed the opposite pattern). During aversive encoding of an emotional memory paradigm, we found that risk allele carriers for rs56080411 had greater activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus. Trends in the same direction were present for rs56039557 in the right occipital cortex and right fusiform gyrus. During a working memory paradigm, a significant sex-by-genotype interaction was found with male risk allele carriers of rs56080411 having inefficient activation within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), compared with same sex non-risk carriers, while females revealed an opposite pattern, despite similar levels of performance. These data suggest that risk-associated variants in SREB2 are associated with phenotypes similar to those found in patients with schizophrenia in the DLPFC and the amygdala of males, while the pattern is opposite in females. The findings in females and during the emotional memory paradigm are consistent with modulation by SREB2 of brain circuitries implicated in mood regulation and may be relevant to neuropsychiatric conditions other than schizophrenia.

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“…Therefore, the multifactor theory proposes that the EEM is not only driven by arousal but also by cognitive characteristics of emotional stimuli that are known to enhance memory performance (Maratos et al, 2000;Sharot and Phelps, 2004;Buchanan et al, 2006;Schmidt and Saari, 2007;Talmi et al, 2007a,b;Sommer et al, 2008). In addition to their semantic relatedness, the attraction of attention and enhanced initial processing of emotional stimuli contribute to the EEM (Schupp et al, 2006;Talmi et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Related Nociceptive Arousal Enhances Memory Consolidation for Neutral Scenes

Schwarze

Bingel²,

Sommer³

2012

J. Neurosci.

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The superior memory for emotional events has been attributed to the beneficial effects of noradrenaline released into the amygdala attributable to arousal. Noradrenaline mediates the effects of different hormones and neurotransmitters, including adrenal stress hormones on consolidation ( Recently, it was highlighted that emotional stimuli elicit not only arousal but also intensify cognitive processes that contribute to the enhanced memory. In particular, the enhanced use of selective attention as well as the greater distinctiveness and semantic relatedness of emotional stimuli influence memory formation (Talmi et al., 2007a). The present study aimed to explore the effects of arousal on memory formation independent of these cognitive factors in an event-related manner. Arousal was induced by the application of a nociceptive stimulus briefly after the presentation of neutral scenes. The results show a purely arousal-driven memory enhancement for the neutral scenes that differs in critical aspects from the superior memory for emotional stimuli. In particular, the enhancement was only evident after consolidation and exclusively based on an increase in item familiarity but not recollection. Moreover, successful memory formation for stimuli followed by arousal was correlated with activity in the parahippocampal cortex but not the amygdala, as is the case for emotional stimuli.

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Immediate memory consequences of the effect of emotion on attention to pictures

Cited by 117 publications

References 91 publications

The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

Effect of Schizophrenia Risk-Associated Alleles in SREB2 (GPR85) on Functional MRI Phenotypes in Healthy Volunteers

Event-Related Nociceptive Arousal Enhances Memory Consolidation for Neutral Scenes

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