Immune activation and HIV

Sereti, Irini; Altfeld, Marcus

doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000244

Cited by 41 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Chronic immune activation is characterized by an increased release of proinflammatory mediators, presence of dysfunctional T-regulatory cells and a T-cell-senescent phenotype. These alterations are also observed in the elderly, overall defining the conditions of "immunosenescence" and "inflammaging" [13]. Immune activation in PLWH may result from the persistence of HIV infection in latently infected cells, but other factors are likely to contribute, including cART, risk behaviours, e.g., smoking or use of drugs, and other comorbidities [14].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sarcopenia In People Living With Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Physical Activity for the Management of Sarcopenia in People Living with HIV

Bonato

Turrini

Galli

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Sarcopenia is a physiopathological process associated with aging, caused by reduction of muscle strength, muscle quality and physical performance, and associated with an increased risk of falls, physical disability and premature death. There is no effective treatment for sarcopenia, but physical exercise seems to be highly effective at counteracting the decline in muscle mass and strength associated with aging. Recently, sarcopenia has been recognized as an emerging issue in people living with HIV (PLWH). Despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), PLWH may exhibit an early occurrence of some aging-related conditions, including sarcopenia, frailty and falls, and this is likely resulting from high rates of comorbidities, high-risk behaviours, chronic immune activation and cART-specific factors. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms and the clinical relevance of sarcopenia in PLWH, and present data from longitudinal studies of physical activity in this population. Despite none of these studies having specifically addressed the benefits of physical exercise on sarcopenia, there is evidence that exercise is effective to increase aerobic capacity and muscle strength, and to improve body composition and inflammatory outcomes in PLWH. Therefore, the expected benefits of physical exercise are likely to translate into a successful and specific intervention for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in this population.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Sarcopenia In People Living With Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Physical Activity for the Management of Sarcopenia in People Living with HIV

Bonato

Turrini

Galli

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…HIV infection is associated with chronic immune activation [ 25 , 26 ] and dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines, which subsequently contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV. Interactions between immune cells occur by direct cell-cell contact or through cytokine secretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine profiling of exosomes derived from the plasma of HIV-infected alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers

et al. 2018

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Cytokines and chemokines circulate in plasma and may be transferred to distant sites, via exosomes. HIV infection is associated with dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines, which subsequently contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV. Alcohol and tobacco exposure, which are prevalent in HIV-infected individuals, may induce changes in the expression of cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, our aim in this study was to quantify plasma exosomal cytokines and chemokines that we expect to exacerbate toxicity or disease progression in HIV-positive drug abusers. We measured the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the plasma and plasma exosomes of 39 patients comprising six groups: HIV-negative and HIV-positive non drug abusers, HIV-negative and HIV-positive alcohol users, and HIV-negative and HIV positive tobacco smokers. We measured six cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-10) and two chemokines (MCP-1 and RANTES). All were present in exosomes of healthy subjects, but their levels varied between different study groups. HIV-positive alcohol drinkers had higher levels of plasma IL-8 compared to those of HIV-positive non-drinkers. The IL-1ra level was significantly higher in exosomes of non-HIV-infected alcohol drinkers compared to those of HIV-positive alcohol drinkers. Interestingly, the IL-10 level was higher in exosomes compared with their respective plasma levels in all study groups except HIV-positive non-alcohol drinkers. IL-10 was completely packaged in exosomes of HIV-positive smokers. HIV-positive smokers had significantly higher levels of plasma IL-8 compared with HIV-positive non-smokers and significantly higher exosomal IL-6 levels compared with HIV-negative subjects. HIV-positive smokers had significantly increased plasma levels of IL-1ra compared to HIV-positive non-smokers. The MCP-1 levels in the plasma of HIV-positive smokers was significantly higher than in either HIV-positive non-drug abusers or HIV-negative smokers. Overall, the findings suggest that plasma cytokines and chemokines are packaged in exosomes at varying degrees in different study groups. Exosomal cytokines and chemokines are likely to have a significant biological role at distant sites including cells in the brain.

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“…While combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the quality of life and reduced mortality and morbidity in HIV-infected persons, long-term virally suppressive treatment has not been successful in normalizing elevated markers of systemic immune activation [ 3 ]. HIV-infected individuals remain at a high risk of developing degenerative, dysfunctional, or malignant non-AIDS-defining diseases; many of which have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence

Sokoya

Steel

Nieuwoudt

et al. 2017

Mediators of Inflammation

133

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Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated.

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Immune activation and HIV

Cited by 41 publications

References 19 publications

The Role of Physical Activity for the Management of Sarcopenia in People Living with HIV

The Role of Physical Activity for the Management of Sarcopenia in People Living with HIV

Cytokine profiling of exosomes derived from the plasma of HIV-infected alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers

HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence

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