Immune and Hormonal Changes following Intense Military Training

Gomez-Mérino, Danielle; Chennaoui, Mounir; Burnat, P.; Drogou, Catherine; Guezennec, C. Y.

doi:10.1093/milmed/168.12.1034

Cited by 80 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, arduous physical training may also affect the hypothalamicpituitary-testicular axis (Gomez-Merino et al 2003, Alemany et al 2008, with testosterone reported to decrease by 50-60% during United States Ranger and Marine training (Friedl et al 2000, Alemany et al 2008. The decrease in testosterone is usually associated with a concomitant decrease in luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), reflecting the development of central hypogonadism (Friedl et al 2000, Sewani-Rusike et al 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status and the gonadotrophic response to a polar expedition

Woods

Delves²,

Britland³

et al. 2015

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Polar expeditions have been associated with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitarytesticular axis consistent with central hypogonadism (i.e. decreased testosterone, luteinising hormone [LH] and follicle stimulating hormone [FSH]). These changes are typically associated with body mass loss. Our aim was to evaluate whether maintenance of body mass during a Polar expedition could mitigate against the development of central hypogonadism. Maintenance of body mass and nutritional status appeared to negate the central hypogonadism previously reported from Polar expeditions. The elevated TSH and free T3were consistent with a previously reported "Polar T3 syndrome".

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status and the gonadotrophic response to a polar expedition

Woods

Delves²,

Britland³

et al. 2015

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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“…Suppression of the mucosal immune system (i.e. lowered salivary immunoglobulin A levels) was concomitant with activation of the acute phase response of the immune system [i.e., release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) into the circulation] [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones and Respiratory Infections

Gomez-Mérino¹,

Drogou²,

Chennaoui³

et al. 2005

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objectives: This study was designed to determine immune and hormonal changes and their relationship with the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) during an extremely stressful military training (3 weeks of physical conditioning followed by a 5-day combat course with energy restriction, sleep deprivation and psychological stress). Methods: Blood samples were collected from 21 cadets (21 ± 2 years old) before training and after the combat course for analysis of leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations, serum cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and IL-10], and hormones [catecholamines, cortisol, leptin, total insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and testosterone]. Symptoms of URTI were recorded from health logs and medical examinations during training. Results: After the combat course, total leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly increased while total lymphocytes were unchanged. In lymphocyte subsets, NK cells were reduced (p < 0.01), while CD4+ and CD19+ (B) cells were increased. Levels of IL-6 were increased (p < 0.01), while those of IL-1β and IL-10 were unchanged. Norepinephrine and dopamine levels were increased, while those of cortisol were reduced. Levels of leptin, testosterone, prolactin and total IGF-I were reduced, while those of DHEAS were increased. The incidence of URTI increased during the training (χ² = 53.48, p < 0.05). After training data analysis showed a significant correlation between URTIs and NK cells (p = 0.0023). Training-induced changes in immune and hormonal parameters were correlated. Conclusions: Blood NK cell levels are related to increased respiratory infections during physical training in a multistressor environment. The training-induced decreases in immunostimulatory hormone levels may have triggered immunosuppression.

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“…Contudo, esses sistemas exercem influência considerável sobre os elementos da resposta imune celular, que não pode ser negligenciada mesmo do ponto de vista da resposta imune humoral. Para tanto, Gomez-Merino et al (58) analisaram a concentração de IgA-s em 26 homens num período de cinco dias, durante três semanas de treinamento militar. Os resultados apontaram para um declínio da imunidade da mucosa salivar, com redução nos níveis de IgA e elevação plasmática de IL 6.…”

Section: Exercício De Intensidade Altaunclassified

Imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) e exercício: relevância do controle em atletas e implicações metodológicas

Silva

Natali

Paula

et al. 2009

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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RESUMoO objetivo do presente estudo é realizar uma análise e discussão dos principais achados envolvendo o comportamento da imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) em relação ao estímulo do exercício e evidenciar a importância de seu controle em atletas. O exercício físico é um importante modulador das características do sistema imune, sobretudo do comportamento da IgA-s, componente fundamental na proteção de infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS). No entanto, a relação direta entre baixas concentrações de IgA-s e ITRS precisa de mais evidências para ser confirmada. As concentrações de IgA-s durante e logo após um exercício intenso diminuem, deixando o indivíduo mais suscetível à infecção, porém, atletas envolvidos em atividades extenuantes não são clinicamente imunodeficientes, comparados com indivíduos sedentários. Essas modificações são transitórias, com retorno aos valores normais após aproximadamente 48 horas de repouso. A razão dessas alterações não é clara, mas se apresenta multifatorial: elevação de hormônios estressores; fatores nutricionais; ação de espécies reativas de oxigênio; e estresse psicológico. Apesar do efeito transitório das alterações provocadas nos elementos do sistema imune frente ao exercício, observa-se diferença na variabilidade da IgA-s em populações com diferentes níveis de condicionamento. Diferenças metodológicas -como o protocolo de exercício, o método de coleta, armazenamento e manipulação da saliva, a forma de expressão da IgA-s, o nível de hidratação, o controle da dieta, a sazonalidade do período de competição, a aclimatação entre outros fatores -devem ser levadas em consideração para comparação entre os estudos. Além disso, ajudam a explicar, em parte, os resultados adversos envolvendo exercício moderado e os intermitentes, em que se encontram aumento, redução e até ausência de alteração nos níveis de IgA-s. Investigações de elementos inovadores, como os toll-like receptors, e o avanço tecnológico podem colaborar para aumentar as evidências sobre o tema.Palavras-chave: sistema imunológico, exercício físico, infecção. aBStRaCtThe present study aimed to discuss the main findings involving salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and exercise and evidence the importance of the control in athletes. Exercise is a great modulator of immune system characteristics such as the s-IgA that exerts important defense against upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). However, more evidence is needed to confirm a direct association between low levels of s-IgA and URTI. The level of s-IgA decreases after a high-intense exercise, increasing thus, the individual' s susceptibility to infection, but athletes engaged in exhausting exercise are not clinically immune-deficient compared with sedentary subjects. The changes in s-IgA are transitory returning to normal status in approximately 48-h rest. The reason of these alterations remains unclear, but many causes have been investigated: hormones stressors rise; nutrition influences; action of reactive oxygen species, psychological stress. Despite the tr...

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Immune and Hormonal Changes following Intense Military Training

Cited by 80 publications

References 0 publications

Nutritional status and the gonadotrophic response to a polar expedition

Nutritional status and the gonadotrophic response to a polar expedition

Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones and Respiratory Infections

Imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) e exercício: relevância do controle em atletas e implicações metodológicas

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