Immune Cell-derived Vesicles: Modulators and Mediators of Inflammation

Abstract

Most cell types can release vesicles. Cell-derived vesicles are increasingly recognized as an evolutionary wide-spread mechanism of intercellular communication. The paracrine and long range activity of vesicles and their regulated cargo-composition endows these vesicles with regulatory properties beyond that of the parental cell. The release and biogenesis of cell-derived vesicles is a dynamic and tightly controlled process. In the past years it has become clear that these vesicles exert a plethora of biological effects. This has sparked the intense interest in these vesicles in relation to (patho)physiological processes. This review focuses on the role of cell-derived vesicles in inflammation, with emphasis on the immune modulating capacity of immune cell-derived vesicles. The biological activity of different leukocyte-derived vesicles is compared, and potential explanations for the strong biological effects exhibited by vesicles are provided. The role of cell-derived vesicles in inflammatory processes is discussed by speculating how these vesicles can contribute to allergic inflammation.

Dynamics of dendritic cell-derived vesicles: high-resolution flow cytometric analysis of extracellular vesicle quantity and quality

“…EVs are secreted by a wide variety of cells, including APCs, such as B cells and DCs (reviewed in refs. [1,2]). Evidence is accumulating that the pool of vesicles released by cells into the extracellular milieu is heterogeneous.…”

“…[1,2]). Various studies describe differences in the molecular make-up and function of EVs secreted by differentially activated DCs.…”

Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Human Milk-derived Extracellular Vesicles Unveils a Novel Functional Proteome Distinct from Other Milk Components

“…Although the biogenesis of exosomes and microvesicles is different, once released into the extracellular milieu (as is the case with breast milk) there are no markers to distinguish these subsets of vesicles (16,17). The molecular composition of EV (functional proteins, nucleic acids and lipids) is regulated by the producing cell and depends on the type and condition of the cell (18). Although for human milk-derived EV some microRNAs and proteins have been identified (12,19), a detailed characterization of milk-derived EV is lacking.…”

Prerequisites for the analysis and sorting of extracellular vesicle subpopulations by high‐resolution flow cytometry

“…5). Important (patho)physiological functions of EVs are increasingly recognized in different research areas including immunology (6,7), cardiovascular disorders (8), and cancer biology (9). From a clinical perspective the dynamic population of body fluid-derived EVs attracts much attention as potential biomarker and non-invasive liquid biopsy (5).…”

“…6). The sorting of 10 7 EVs lasted 3-4 h, taken into account an event rate of $5,000 per second and $15% of total events in each sort gate. Higher event rates were not feasible due to the increasing interference of coincident events.…”