Immune Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Careaga, Milo; Water, Judy Van de; Ashwood, Paul

doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-812-2_10

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 119 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Motor abnormalities, in particular, may be one of the earliest markers observable within the first year [ 23 ]. Recent reviews (i.e., [ 24 ]) have found evidence for putative ASD biomarkers including gastrointestinal factors [ 25 ], immune dysregulation [ 26 , 27 ], heavy metal toxicity [ 28 – 30 ], neurotransmitter abnormalities [ 31 – 33 ], oxidative stress [ 34 , 35 ], and elevated levels of p-cresol in small children with ASD [ 36 ]. This research suggests that ASD might best be considered to be a multisystem disorder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological Abnormalities in the First Few Years of Life in Individuals Later Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Recent Data

Allely

Gillberg

Wilson

2014

Behavioural Neurology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. Despite the widely-held understanding that the biological changes that lead to autism usually occur during prenatal life, there has been relatively little research into the functional development of the brain during early infancy in individuals later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Objective. This review explores the studies over the last three years which have investigated differences in various brain regions in individuals with ASD or who later go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD. Methods. We used PRISMA guidelines and selected published articles reporting any neurological abnormalities in very early childhood in individuals with or later diagnosed with ASD. Results. Various brain regions are discussed including the amygdala, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and lateralised abnormalities of the temporal cortex during language processing. This review discusses studies investigating head circumference, electrophysiological markers, and interhemispheric synchronisation. All of the recent findings from the beginning of 2009 across these different aspects of defining neurological abnormalities are discussed in light of earlier findings. Conclusions. The studies across these different areas reveal the existence of atypicalities in the first year of life, well before ASD is reliably diagnosed. Cross-disciplinary approaches are essential to elucidate the pathophysiological sequence of events that lead to ASD.

show abstract