Immune-enhancing effects of anionic macromolecules extracted from Codium fragile coupled with arachidonic acid in RAW264.7 cells

Abstract

Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an integral constituent of the biological cell membrane, conferring it with fluidity and flexibility, which are necessary for the function of all cells, especially nervous system, skeletal muscle, and immune system. Codium species biosynthesize sulfated polysaccharides with very distinct structural features. Some of them have different biological activities with great potential in pharmaceutical applications. In this study, anionic macromolecules extracted from Codium fragile were investigated for their cooperative immuneenhancing activities with ARA. The cooperation between ARA and Codium resulted in increased, dose-dependent nitric oxide production and iNOS gene expression. In addition, co-treatment of ARA and Codium effectively increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), compared with Codium alone. We also demonstrated that the expression of COX-2 mRNA was also increased, which is responsible for the production of inflammatory mediator prostaglandins and their metabolites. Compared to the Codium group, the co-treatment of Codium with ARA enhanced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB p-65, p38, and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, indicating that this combination stimulated immune response through nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These results indicated that the coordination of arachidonic acid with polysaccharide extracted from seaweed may be a potential source of immunomodulatory molecules.

Carica papaya leaf water extract promotes innate immune response via MAPK signaling pathways

“…Innate immune cells such as macrophages initiate the inflammatory response by increasing the production of various inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, NO, adhesion molecules, and PGE 2 . A limited inflammatory response is sufficient in a healthy system to prevent the development of a variety of diseases; however, an excessive or defective inflammatory response can lead to the development of serious inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune diseases [10][11][12][13]. Therefore, identifying candidates that can modulate the immune response is an important strategy for the development of drugs targeting various inflammatory diseases.…”

“…To investigate the viability of RAW 264.7 cells treated with PLW, the number of living cells was determined using the 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction method [13][14][15][16]. The cells were then removed from the culture dish, seeded at a density of 1.5×10 5 cells/well in the medium, added to 24-well plates, incubated for 24 h, and then treated with the PLW samples.…”

“…In this regard, immunomodulation is emerging as an important strategy for improving the immune defense system, and research is underway to advance the development of natural substances that activate macrophages. Several types of immunomodulators have been recently identified, including natural polysaccharides purified from botanical sources, marine phospholipids with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid), and polyphenols derived from thinned peaches [13][14][15][16].…”

“…The upper charts represent the standard peaks of flavonoids and p-coumaric acid, respectively. The retention times (min) for quantified phenolic acids were as follows: 49.028 (rutin),13.368 (narirutin), and 16.127 (p-coumaric acid). HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; PLW, Carica papaya leaf water extract; AU, arbitrary units…”

Potential Prebiotic and Anti-Obesity Effects of Polysaccharides from <em>Codium fragile</em>

“…Marine algae are important sources of compounds with health-enhancing biological properties [1], including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immune enhancing functionalities [2][3][4][5]. Marine algae contain large amounts of sulfated polysaccharides that can be used as prebiotics [6].…”