Immune parameters correlating with reduced susceptibility to pancreas disease in experimentally challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Grove, Søren; Austbø, Lars; Hodneland, Kjartan; Frost, Petter; Løvoll, Marie; McLoughlin, M F; Thim, Hanna Leena; Braaen, Stine; König, Melanie; Syed, Mohasina; Jørgensen, Jorunn B.; Rimstad, Espen

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.014

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…; Grove et al . ), although all these authors reported typical PD histopathological lesions in the heart and pancreas, demonstrating infection. Natural subclinical SAV infection in marine‐reared Atlantic salmon has also been reported in Scotland (Graham et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Mortality was not observed in any of the previous experimental infections carried out by i.p. injection and cohabitation for parr, smolts and post-smolts (Raynard & Houghton 1993;Boucher et al 1995;McLoughlin et al 1995McLoughlin et al , 1996Desvignes et al 2002;Christie et al 2007;Graham et al 2011;Grove et al 2013), although all these authors reported typical PD histopathological lesions in the heart and pancreas, demonstrating infection. Natural subclinical SAV infection in marine-reared Atlantic salmon has also been reported in Scotland (Graham et al 2007b), suggesting that environmental factors such as water temperature may influence the severity of a PD outbreak .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

Cano

Joiner

Bayley

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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A challenge model for pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fry, was developed comparing two salmonid alphavirus (SAV) subtypes: SAV1 and SAV5. Viral doses of 3 × 10(5) TCID50 mL(-1) for SAV1 and 3 × 10(4) for SAV5 were tested in triplicate tanks, each containing 450 salmon fry. Cumulative mortalities of 1.2% were recorded. Titres of virus recovered from the mortalities ranged from 10(2) to 10(7) TCID50 mL(-1) . Fry were sampled at 3, 5 and 7.5 weeks post-challenge. Sampling after 3 weeks revealed a high prevalence of infection in the absence of clinical signs, and infectious virus was recovered from 80% and 43% of sampled fry infected with SAV1 and SAV5, respectively. After 5 weeks pancreas, heart and red skeletal muscle lesions were generally observed, whilst degeneration in white skeletal muscle was observed only in fish infected with SAV1. In situ hybridisation confirmed the presence of viral genome in infected pancreas, heart and muscle. After 7.5 weeks, infectious virus (both isolates) was recovered from 13.3% of the fish sampled, with a viral titre of 10(2) TCID50 mL(-1) . Clearly, salmon fry are susceptible to SAV infection and pancreas disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

Cano

Joiner

Bayley

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Levels of elongation factor 1 α (EF1α), Mx-1, and viperin-1 mRNA were assessed in both species using 500 nM primers and the Maxima SYBR Green/ROX qPCR Master Mix (Fisher scientific). Primers used are previously published [18,19]. The specificity of the SYBR Green assay was confirmed by melting point analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection experiments with novel Piscine orthoreovirus from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in salmonids

et al. 2017

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A new disease in farmed rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) was described in Norway in 2013. The disease mainly affected the heart and resembled heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). HSMI is associated with Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and a search for a similar virus in the diseased rainbow trout led to detection of a sequence with 85% similarity to PRV. This finding called for a targeted effort to assess the risk the new PRV-variant pose on farmed rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon by studying infection and disease pathogenesis, aiming to provide more diagnostic knowledge. Based on the genetic relationship to PRV, the novel virus is referred to as PRV-Oncorhynchus mykiss (PRV-Om) in contrast to PRV-Salmo salar (PRV-Ss). In experimental trials, intraperitoneally injected PRV-Om was shown to replicate in blood in both salmonid species, but more effectively in rainbow trout. In rainbow trout, the virus levels peaked in blood and heart of cohabitants 6 weeks post challenge, along with increased expression of antiviral genes (Mx and viperin) in the spleen, with 80–100% of the cohabitants infected. Heart inflammation was diagnosed in all cohabitants examined 8 weeks post challenge. In contrast, less than 50% of the Atlantic salmon cohabitants were infected between 8 and 16 weeks post challenge and the antiviral response in these fish was very low. From 12 weeks post challenge and onwards, mild focal myocarditis was demonstrated in a few virus-positive salmon. In conclusion, PRV-Om infects both salmonid species, but faster transmission, more notable antiviral response and more prominent heart pathology were observed in rainbow trout.

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“…Innate and adaptive immune systems play an important and interdependent role in antiviral defence mechanisms. Several important immune response cascades are activated at a both transcriptional and translational level (Braceland et al, 2013;Graham, Rowley, & Frost, 2014;Grove et al, 2013;Herath et al, 2012;Moore, Jarungsriapisit, et al, 2017). Cells such as neutrophils/granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, B and T cells respond to pathogen invasion and are important during the initial response and further activation of the adaptive immune system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time after seawater transfer influences immune cell abundance and responses to SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon

Jarungsriapisit

Moore

Fiksdal

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) severely affects salmonid aquaculture during the seawater phase. To characterize immune cells in target tissues for SAV infection, heart, pancreas and pyloric caeca were analysed from two groups of fish adapted to seawater for 2 and 9 weeks. The sections were scored for the relative abundance of cells expressing MHC class II, IgM, CD3, CD8 or neutrophil/granulocyte markers using immuno-histochemical techniques. In general, necrosis of tissue was more severe in fish infected at 2 weeks post-seawater transfer (wpt) compared with those infected at 9 wpt. At 9 wpt, there were higher numbers of MHC II cells in heart, pancreas and pyloric caeca, IgM cells in heart and pancreas, and CD3 cells in pancreas compared to those infected at 2 wpt. The majority of the immune cells infiltrating PD-affected tissues were MHC II and CD3 cells suggesting that antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes are the main types of immune cells responding to SAV infection. All the investigated cell types were also observed in pyloric caeca of infected fish, suggesting that this tissue may play a role in the immune response to SAV.

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Immune parameters correlating with reduced susceptibility to pancreas disease in experimentally challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 37 publications

References 35 publications

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

Infection experiments with novel Piscine orthoreovirus from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in salmonids

Time after seawater transfer influences immune cell abundance and responses to SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon

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