Immune response and potential therapeutic strategies for the SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 pandemic

Li, Xianghui; Zhang, Yabo; He, Le; Si, Jiangzhe; Qiu, Shuai; He, Yixin; Wei, Jiacun; Wang, Zhili; Xie, Longxiang; Li, Yanzhang; Teng, Tieshan

doi:10.7150/ijbs.66369

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…It was known that the early step of SARS-CoV-2 infection includes Spike protruding from the virus envelope, providing specificity to interact with host cell receptors (such as ACE2) and host factors (as TMPRSS2). Inhibition of ACE2 or TMPRSS2 receptors can be potential targets for SARS-CoV-2 prevention [43,44]. In this research, we initially obtained three natural plant extracts, grape stem (Vitis vinifera), gardenia leaf (Gardenia jasminoides), and coffee leaf (Coffea Arabica), that can hinder the interaction of Spike-ACE2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of Coffee Leaf against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Wu¹,

Chiang²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of Coffee Leaf against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Wu¹,

Chiang²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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“…As stated previously, the absolute count of CD16+CD56+ NK cells was found in the present study to be statistically lower in the peripheral blood of infected patients compared to both HS (p<0.05) and VS (p<0.001) (Figure 2A) whereas the percentage of CD16+CD56+ NK cells was statistically higher in the infected patients compared to both the HS (p<0.001) and VS (p<0.001) (Figure 2B). In a recent study, CD3-CD56+ natural killer cells were found to be significantly lower in the severe group compared to the healthy subjects whereas the asymptomatic group had higher levels (7,18,20,23). In addition, Zingaropoli et al (11) demonstrated that lower percentage of peripheral blood NK cell was found in COVID-19 patients compared to HS, although not statistically significant.…”

Section: Correlation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Immune Cells Profiles In The Peripheral Blood Of Patients With Moderate To Severe COVID-19 And Healthy Subjects With and Without Vaccination With The Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA Vaccine

et al. 2022

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a global crisis. Patients with COVID-19 present with a range of clinical manifestations, from no symptoms to severe illness. However, little is known about the profiles of immune cells required to protect against SARS-CoV-2. This study was performed to determine the immune cells profiles in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe disease (n=52), and compare the findings with those from healthy subjects vaccinated with Pfizer BioNTech mRNA vaccine (VS) (n=62), and non-vaccinated healthy subjects (HS) (n=30) from Kuwait. Absolute counts and percentages of total lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD16+CD56+ NK cells) in the peripheral blood of the three groups were analyzed using flow cytometry. The results showed that the absolute counts of total lymphocytes, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD56+ NK cells, were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients than normal healthy controls and vaccinated subjects. The percentages of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes were also significantly lower in the COVID-19 patients. However, the percentage of CD16+CD56+ NK cells was significantly higher in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients, compared to the HS and VS groups with no detectable differences in the percentages of CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells between the three groups. Analysis of the monocyte subsets has showed a significantly higher percentage of CD14+HLA-DR+ monocytes in COVID-19 patients compared to HS whereas the inflammatory CD14+CD16+ HLA-DR+ monocytes, and the non-classical CD16+HLA-DR+ monocytes showed significantly lower frequency in the blood of the patients than that of HS. These findings demonstrate perturbations of both innate and adaptive immune cell subsets that reflect dysregulated host responses in COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe disease.

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“…Since 2020, the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that cause Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally and created pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense ssRNA virus and enters host cells by the surface S protein comprising S1 and S2 ( 35 ). The receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Role Of Viral Infection In the Development Of Asthma Exacerb...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SARS-CoV-2 replicates in airway epithelial cells, and TLR3 and TLR7/8 in the endosome and MDA-5 or RIG-1 in the cytosol play roles in the recognition of viral components in a similar way. Severe cases of COVID-19 are assumed to be due to the defect or delay of IFN responses which unlease excessive expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, called cytokine storm syndrome ( 35 ). Furthermore, other mechanism such as increase in ACE2 signaling, observed in the case of SARS-CoV ( 36 ), may contribute to the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Role Of Viral Infection In the Development Of Asthma Exacerb...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innate Immune Responses by Respiratory Viruses, Including Rhinovirus, During Asthma Exacerbation

Nakagome

Nagata

2022

Front. Immunol.

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Viral infection, especially with rhinovirus (RV), is a major cause of asthma exacerbation. The production of anti-viral cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-α from epithelial cells or dendritic cells is lower in patients with asthma or those with high IgE, which can contribute to viral-induced exacerbated disease in these patients. As for virus-related factors, RV species C (RV-C) induces more exacerbated disease than other RVs, including RV-B. Neutrophils activated by viral infection can induce eosinophilic airway inflammation through different mechanisms. Furthermore, virus-induced or virus-related proteins can directly activate eosinophils. For example, CXCL10, which is upregulated during viral infection, activates eosinophils in vitro. The role of innate immune responses, especially type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and epithelial cell-related cytokines including IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), in the development of viral-induced airway inflammation has recently been established. For example, RV infection induces the expression of IL-33 or IL-25, or increases the ratio of ILC2 in the asthmatic airway, which is correlated with the severity of exacerbation. A mouse model has further demonstrated that virus-induced mucous metaplasia and ILC2 expansion are suppressed by antagonizing or deleting IL-33, IL-25, or TSLP. For treatment, IFNs including IFN-β suppress not only viral replication but also ILC2 activation in vitro. Agonists of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 or 7 can induce IFNs, which can then suppress viral replication and ILC2 activation. Therefore, if delivered in the airway, IFNs or TLR agonists could become innovative treatments for virus-induced asthma exacerbation.

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Immune response and potential therapeutic strategies for the SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 7 publications

References 181 publications

Prospects of Coffee Leaf against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Prospects of Coffee Leaf against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Immune Cells Profiles In The Peripheral Blood Of Patients With Moderate To Severe COVID-19 And Healthy Subjects With and Without Vaccination With The Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA Vaccine

Innate Immune Responses by Respiratory Viruses, Including Rhinovirus, During Asthma Exacerbation

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