IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PROTECTION IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) FOLLOWING CONSUMPTION OF BAITS CONTAINING ONRAB<sup>®</sup>, A HUMAN ADENOVIRUS RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN RECOMBINANT VACCINE

Brown, L.; Rosatte, Rick; Fehlner-Gardiner, Christine; Taylor, J.S.; Davies, J. Chris; Donovan, Dennis M.

doi:10.7589/2012-01-023

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“… (11.8% survived); Szanto (40% survived); Brown et al . , (15.4% and 11.1% survived, respectively)]. In addition, a large amount of variation has been found in MHC genes in raccoons (Castillo et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies

et al. 2014

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Local adaptation is necessary for population survival and depends on the interplay between responses to selective forces and demographic processes that introduce or retain adaptive and maladaptive attributes. Host-parasite systems are dynamic, varying in space and time, where both host and parasites must adapt to their ever-changing environment in order to survive. We investigated patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations with varying temporal exposure to the raccoon rabies virus (RRV). RRV infects approximately 85% of the population when epizootic and has been presumed to be completely lethal once contracted; however, disease challenge experiments and varying spatial patterns of RRV spread suggest some level of immunity may exist. We first assessed patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations along the eastern seaboard of North America by contrasting spatial patterns of neutral (microsatellite loci) and functional, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic diversity and structure. We explored variation of MHC allele frequencies in the light of temporal population exposure to RRV (0-60 years) and specific RRV strains in infected raccoons. Our results revealed high levels of MHC variation (66 DRB exon 2 alleles) and pronounced genetic structure relative to neutral microsatellite loci, indicative of local adaptation. We found a positive association linking MHC genetic diversity and temporal RRV exposure, but no association with susceptibility and resistance to RRV strains. These results have implications for landscape epidemiology studies seeking to predict the spread of RRV and present an example of how population demographics influence the degree to which populations adapt to local selective pressures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies

et al. 2014

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“…3). This scheme was used to reduce the chance of trap shyness among raccoons and skunks sampled post-ORV, which began 5 wk after bait distribution, approximating the minimum time for serologic response from ONRAB consumption (Brown et al 2012).…”

Section: Oral Rabies Vaccine Baitmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

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Chipman

Algeo

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural West Virginia, USA to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (AdRG1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait; ONRAB) in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). We selected ONRAB for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, Raboral V-RGH, in US-Canada border studies. Raccoon rabies was enzootic and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) had never been used in the study area. We distributed 79,027 ONRAB baits at 75 baits/km 2 mostly by fixed-wing aircraft along parallel flight lines at 750-m intervals. Antibody prevalence was significantly higher at 49.2% (n5262) in raccoons after ONRAB was distributed than the 9.6% (n5395) before ORV. This was the highest antibody prevalence observed in raccoons by US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services for areas with similar management histories evaluated before and after an initial ORV campaign at 75 baits/km 2 with Raboral V-RG. Tetracycline biomarker (TTCC) was significantly higher among antibodypositive raccoons after ONRAB baiting and was similar among raccoons before ORV had been conducted, an indication of vaccine-induced rabies virus-neutralizing antibody production following consumption of bait containing TTCC. Skunk sample size was inadequate to assess ONRAB effects. Safety and immunogenicity results supported replication of this field trial and led to a recommendation for expanded field trials in 2012 to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of ground-distributed ONRAB at 150 baits/km 2 in residential and commercial habitats in Ohio, USA and aerially distributed ONRAB at 75 baits/km 2 in rural habitats along US-Quebec border.

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“…Similarly, juvenile foxes demonstrated an impaired immune response during a challenge with RABV, even after maternal antibodies were no longer detected [60]. Timing of raccoon baiting also considers the need to measure RABV neutralizing antibodies (rVNA) within the post-ORV recommended sampling window as the serologic metric for ORV performance sampling before winter weather commences in the north [61, 62]…”

Section: Rabies Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

et al. 2017

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Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.

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IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PROTECTION IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) FOLLOWING CONSUMPTION OF BAITS CONTAINING ONRAB^®, A HUMAN ADENOVIRUS RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN RECOMBINANT VACCINE

Cited by 34 publications

References 17 publications

Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies

Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

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IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PROTECTION IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) FOLLOWING CONSUMPTION OF BAITS CONTAINING ONRAB®, A HUMAN ADENOVIRUS RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN RECOMBINANT VACCINE

Cited by 34 publications

References 17 publications

Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies

Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PROTECTION IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) FOLLOWING CONSUMPTION OF BAITS CONTAINING ONRAB^®, A HUMAN ADENOVIRUS RABIES GLYCOPROTEIN RECOMBINANT VACCINE