Immune Suppression Induced by Gallibacterium anatis GtxA During Interaction with Chicken Macrophage-Like HD11 Cells

Tang, Bo; Bojesen, Anders Miki

doi:10.3390/toxins12090536

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Studies have shown that the Gtx A protein has a significant inhibitory effect on lymphocyte growth. It is also considered an important pathogenic factor, affecting cell permeability and the expression of inflammatory factors, causing cell damage and apoptosis and significantly mediating the pathogenesis of salpingitis in poultry [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. These results are comparable to data previously presented by other authors [ 30 ], which also relate to the presence of another virulence gene often used to identify G. anatis infections in chickens and turkeys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Gallibacterium anatis Isolates from Chickens in Poland

Kursa,

Tomczyk,

Sieczkowska

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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The Gram-negative bacterium Gallibacterium anatis is part of the normal avian respiratory, intestinal and reproductive tract microflora and can be transmitted horizontally and vertically. With the coexistence of other relevant factors, G. anatis becomes an opportunistic pathogen, economically damaging to the poultry industry. This bacterium’s prevalence and molecular epidemiology were investigated, and the antimicrobial treatment options for G. anatis infection in chicken flocks in Poland were assessed. Tracheal samples from 182 flocks were collected between April 2022 and March 2023. The bacterial prevalence was determined by PCR targeting the gyrB gene and 16–23S rRNA. Gallibacterium anatis was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) after culturing and PCR amplification. Isolates’ susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials was assessed with a disc diffusion test. Isolates were also tested for gyrB, GtxA and flfA virulence genes and blaROB, aphA, tetB and tetH antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. Forty-one flocks (22.5%) were positive through PCR. Antibiotic resistance was most frequently observed against tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline and doxycycline. Multiple resistance to at least eight antibiotics occurred in 20% of isolates and to at least four in 100%. The occurrence of gyrB was noted in 100%, GtxA was detected in 89%, and flfA was found in 14% of positive samples. The tetB gene was present in 61.0% of positive samples, tetH was in 36.0%, aphA was in 16.7%, and blaROB was in 5.6%. Significant differences were found in G. anatis isolates related to the presence of the virulence genes GtxA and gyrB and the presence of resistance genes (p < 0.05) associated with resistance to tetracyclines, β-lactams and aminoglycosides. The continued rise in the resistance of G. anatis to a broadening range of antibiotics is a major problem for the poultry industry worldwide, as well as for public health. The findings of this study may expand the knowledge of the pathogenicity of G. anatis in poultry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Gallibacterium anatis Isolates from Chickens in Poland

Kursa,

Tomczyk,

Sieczkowska

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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“…The toxin is a specific virulence factor of G. anatis . Its presence gives G. anatis a means of adhering to cells and changes cell permeability and expression of inflammatory factors, resulting in cell damage and apoptosis ( 20 , 30 , 36 ). Kristensen et al ( 20 ) in their research concluded that Gtx A may represent a new form of RTX-like toxin with immune evasion function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica isolates from chickens

Kursa,

Tomczyk,

Sieczkowska

et al. 2024

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction Gallibacterium anatis is an opportunistic bacteria inducing a range of clinical signs in poultry. Gallibacterium anatis strains show multidrug resistance to antibacterial substances. The purpose of this study was to examine the susceptibility of G. anatis biovar haemolytica isolates collected from the respiratory, reproduction and gastrointestinal tracts of chickens to different antibiotics from various classes. Material and Methods Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica was identified in tracheal swab and gastrointestinal and reproductive tract tissue samples from Polish layer and broiler chicken flocks. Twenty six isolates with β-haemolysis capability, each from a different flock, obtained from the respiratory (n = 8), reproductive (n = 10) and gastrointestinal (n = 8) tracts were selected and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time-of-flight mass spectrometry after culturing. A PCR method targeting the 16S genes was used for verification of isolates. The isolates’ susceptibility to 20 antimicrobials was evaluated using the disc diffusion method for 8 drugs and the dilution method for the other 12. In addition, they were tested for the presence of the GtxA, gyrB and flfA virulence genes and blaROB, aphA, tetB and tetH antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. Results The most prevalent antibiotic resistance was to tilmicosin, tylosin and quinupristin/dalfopristin (all 100%), erythromycin (96.2%), tetracycline (96.2%), linezolid (92.3%) and teicoplanin (92.3%). Universal susceptibility was to only one antibiotic, chloramphenicol. Statistically significant differences were found between the resistance of gastrointestinal tract strains and that of strains from other tracts to daptomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and colistin. The GtxA and gyrB genes were detected in 100% of isolates and flfA in 19.2%. The isolates most frequently contained tetB and less frequently tetH and aphA, and did not contain blaROB. Conclusion Most G. anatis biovar haemolytica isolates were resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary and important to be vigilant for the occurrence of these bacteria and thorough in their diagnosis.

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“…Tang et al ( 2020 ) implied that GtxA plays a crucial function in an acute cytokine-mediated Th2-like response versus G. anatis infection in the ovarian tissue, helping in the pathogenesis of G. anatis infections in laying hens. Additionally, Tang and Bojesen ( 2020 ) attempted to explain the immunosuppressive effect of G. anatis GtxA during the interaction with chicken macrophage-like HD11 cells by encouraging cell adhesion and invasion, reducing the host inflammatory response based on an initial over-expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and a corresponding low-level expression of tumor necrotizing factor (TNF)-α, and concluded that GtxA induces cell death (apoptosis) without revealing clear causes. Fimbriae.…”

Section: Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review

Abd El-Ghany,

Algammal,

Hetta

et al. 2023

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma), or various stressors, G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with G. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of G. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of G. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as Gallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of G. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of G. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on G. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.

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Immune Suppression Induced by Gallibacterium anatis GtxA During Interaction with Chicken Macrophage-Like HD11 Cells

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Prevalence, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Gallibacterium anatis Isolates from Chickens in Poland

Prevalence, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Gallibacterium anatis Isolates from Chickens in Poland

Antibiotic resistance of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica isolates from chickens

Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review

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