Immune system roles in pathogenesis, prognosis, control, and treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection

Jafari, Mohammad Mahdi; Azimzadeh Tabrizi, Zahra; Dayer, Mohammad Saaid; Kazemi-Sefat, Nazanin Atieh; Mohtashamifard, Mahshid; Mohseni, Rahimeh; Bagheri, Atefeh; Bahadory, Saeed; Karimipour-Saryazdi, Amir; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110872

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 133 publications

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“…While toxoplasmosis primarily affects the central nervous system, it is not commonly associated with movement disorders. The symptoms of toxoplasmosis are diverse and depend on the severity of the infection, the immune status of the individual, and the organs involved [141]. While motor coordination issues may be observed in toxoplasmosis, it is not characterized as a primary movement disorder [142].…”

Section: Toxoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Literature Review of Movement Disorder Associated with Medications and Systemic Diseases

Pitton Rissardo,

Fornari Caprara

2024

Preprint

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Movement disorders can be associated with various drugs and systemic diseases, posing diagnostic challenges for clinicians. This review explores the spectrum of movement disorders associated with pharmacological agents and medical conditions. Drug-induced movement disorders encompass a broad range of conditions resulting from exposure to medications that affect several neurotransmitters. Neuroleptic medications can lead to tardive dyskinesia, characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements. Antipsychotics and antiemetics, including metoclopramide, may induce acute dystonic reactions. Other drugs, such as dopamine receptor-blocking agents, can contribute to drug-induced parkinsonism. Beyond medications, movement disorders can also arise secondary to systemic diseases. Metabolic disorders like Wilson's disease, characterized by copper accumulation, may manifest as chorea or dystonia. Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus can result in secondary movement disorders due to autoimmune-mediated processes affecting the central nervous system. Movement disorders linked to drugs or systemic diseases often necessitate a thorough clinical evaluation, including detailed medication histories and comprehensive systemic assessments. Neuroimaging, laboratory investigations, and, in some cases, cerebrospinal fluid analyses and electrodiagnostic studies help in establishing accurate diagnoses. Management involves addressing the underlying cause, modifying medications, and employing symptomatic treatments.

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Section: Toxoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%