Immunization with an HPV-16 L1-based chimeric virus-like particle containing HPV-16 E6 and E7 epitopes elicits long-lasting prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in an HPV-16 tumor mice model

Plant‐made oral vaccines against human infectious diseases—Are we there yet?

“…Long‐lasting specific IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity were detectable for 12 months after induction by immunization with cVLPs. Efficient long‐term protection and tumour growth inhibition were elicited by TC‐1 tumour cells expressing HPV‐16 E6/E7 oncoproteins, whereas significant tumour reduction (57%) was observed in mice administered with these cVLPs (Monroy‐García et al ., ).…”

Virus‐based nanoparticles as platform technologies for modern vaccines

“…Further improvements of this therapeutic strategy include the incorporation of T-cell epitopes from HPV16 E6 and E7. Preclinical studies in mice showed an 85% reduction in tumor size when immunized with such recombinant VLPs 75 .…”

Plant-based vaccines against viruses

“…Evidence of high-yield expression of H5 haemagglutinin-derived VLPs via transient expression [44] 10 million vaccine dose "rapid fire" milestone by Medicago Inc. in DARPA Blue Angel programme [50] Human clinical trial of plant-made H5N1 vaccine candidate [47] HA-only VLPs produced for H7N9 outbreak virus [54] Phase 1 trials of H1N1pdm and HPAI H5N1 HA-derived plant-made products [48] Testing of plant-made engineered soluble trimeric HA (H1N1pdm) in mice [58] Adjuvanting of monomeric H1N1pdm HA with SiO 2 and bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) [59] Emergency response influenza vaccine candidates made in South Africa [43] Conjugation of plant-made HA to TMV particles and successful testing in mice [60] Elicitation of neutralising Ab with elastin-like polypeptide fused with stabilised soluble trimer-forming H5N1 HA [61] Presentation of M2e epitope on surface of rTMV virions elicits protective immunity to homologous and heterologous challenge in mice [64] Papillomaviruses Proof of efficacy of a plant-made Cottontail rabbit and Rabbit oral papillomavirus vaccines [74,75] High yields of HPV-16 L1 and VLPs via agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression or via transplastomic expression [76,77] Transplastomic expression of capsomere-forming HPV-16 L1 fused with Escherichia coli LTB as a built-in adjuvant [78] Successful expression of HPV-8 and Bovine papillomavirus L1 VLPs in plants [79,80] Co-expression of HPV-16 L1 with E coli LTB and oral immunisation elicits increased intestinal mucosal IgA responses to L1 [90] High-yield plant transient expression of chimaeric L1::L2 VLPs and proof of increased breadth of immune response [91] rPVX CP fusion with L2 108-120 epitope yields well and elicits high-titre anti-L2 protein sera in mice [97] Plant production, scale-up and protective efficacy in mouse model of therapeutic E7GGG-LicKM fusion protein vaccine [85][86][87] Plant expressed HPV-16 L1 with C-terminal string of E6 and E7 T-cell epitopes is viable prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine candidate [98] Production and proof of efficacy in mice of soluble E7GGG therapeutic vaccine in transplastomic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [100] Proof of yield increase and eff...…”

“…E7-based vaccines have continued to be investigated, with a number of approaches yielding promising results. A useful crossover approach mixing potentially prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines was that of the same group who developed the HPV-16 L1 chimaera with a string of T-cell epitopes from HPV 16 E6 and E7 fused to its C-terminus [98]. These workers immunised C57BL/6 mice with the antigen, and could demonstrate persistent anti-L1 IgG antibodies for over 12 months, with good neutralising activity.…”