Immunoassay Techniques in Environmental Analyses

Abstract

Introduction 1 2 Background and History 2 2.1 Overview of United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Programs 2 2.2 Developmental History of Immunoassay Methods in United States Environmental Protection Agency Programs 3 3 Types of Immunoassay Technologies Employed in Environmental Programs 4 3.1 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay 4 3.2 Reporter Gene on a Human Cell Line 5 3.3 Immunosensors 6 3.4 Affinity Chromatography 6 3.5 Dissociation-enhancement Lanthanide Fluoroimmunoassay 6 4 Method Development 6 4.1 General Guidelines for Development of Screening Methods 6 4.2 Validation Criteria for Immunoassay Methods 7 5 Status of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Immunoassay Methods Development Program 8 5.1 Current Validated Methods 8 5.2 Methods under Development 9 5.3 List of Validated Immunoassay Test Products 11 6 Environmental Applications 11 6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immunoassay Methods 11 6.2 Implementation Issues 12 6.3 Examples of Performance Based Measurement Systems 13 6.4 Applications as Screening Methods 13 6.5 Applications as Quantitative Methods 14 7 Future Directions 15 Acknowledgments 15 Abbreviations and Acronyms 15 Related Articles 16 References 16

Methodological approaches for monitoring opportunistic pathogens in premise plumbing: A review

“…Advantages of immunoassays include rapid turnaround time (e.g., ~20 min to several hours), high specificity and sensitivity, and overall cost effectiveness (Lesnik, 2000). However, their application efficacy for OPPP monitoring in premise plumbing is still subject to the concentration level of target cells and availability of high quality antibodies.…”

Conductive Paper with Antibody-Like Film for Electrical Readings of Biomolecules

“…The combination of immunoreactions with compact apparatus (for signal reading) and microfluidic units (for sample handling) is today the closer approach meeting POC requirements. Immunological-based methods such as enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISAs) can detect low concentrations of several chemical and biological analytes in biological samples 5 6 . The experimental tests may take however longer than desired and require qualified personnel.…”

A prototype of ultrasensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the quantitation of lead in plasma using a fluorescence-enhanced europium chelate label for the detection system

“…Immunoassays have more recently been considered for the analysis of environmental contaminants. 18,19 Immunoassays are speedy, sensitive, selective, and cost-effective. In addition, they are well suited for the analysis of large numbers of samples and oen obviate lengthy sample preparations.…”

“…Because of these characteristics, the Human Exposure Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a program to develop and evaluate new immunoassay methods for screening and quantitative analysis of compounds of environmental concern. 20 Most environmental immunoassays are directed toward organic compounds; 18,19 however, this technique applied to any analyte, including metals, if a suitable antibody can be generated. [20][21][22][23] Time-resolved uoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) is a type of immunoassay that has been developed in recent decades.…”