Immunohistochemical Staining For S100 Protein in the Diagnosis of Canine Amelanotic Melanoma

Sandusky, George E.; Carlton, William W.; Wightman, K. A.

doi:10.1177/030098588502200611

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Although S100 has a sensitivity approaching 90% in several studies, it has low specificity. 4,7,15,18 In contrast, Melan A is considered highly specific but has been reported to stain polygonal cell melanomas more consistently than spindle cell melanomas in both canine and human neoplasms. 6,13,15 PNL2 is a mAb that has recently been introduced as a reagent for immunohistochemical identification of human melanocytes in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Investigation of PNL2 Reactivity of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms and Comparison with Melan A

et al. 2010

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Abstract. PNL2 is a recently generated monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes normal and neoplastic melanocytes. Although the antigen recognized by PNL2 remains unknown, recent studies of human and mouse melanomas have confirmed its usefulness as a diagnostic marker. In the current study, the immunoreactivity of PNL2 in canine melanomas was tested and compared with Melan A (A103). Validation of PNL2 was performed by Western blot analysis. PNL2 and Melan A immunoreactivity were tested on frozen samples of canine melanomas and on 69 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded melanocytic neoplasms. Normal canine tissues and nonmelanocytic neoplasms were included as negative controls. Western blot confirmed the presence of a protein recognized by the PNL2 antibody in canine melanomas. Immunohistochemically, PNL2 stained the melanocytic neoplastic cells with an intracytoplasmic, granular pattern. Among the melanocytic neoplasms tested, 62% stained positively with PNL2 and 59% with Melan A; 50.7% stained positively with both mAbs. The overall percentage of neoplasms that stained positively with at least 1 of these 2 antibodies was 68%. The extent of staining (i.e., the percentage of cells stained per specimen) was greater with PNL2 than with Melan A. With both mAbs, staining was most intense and diffuse in the epithelioid cell phenotype. Neither nonspecific staining nor staining in cells other than melanocytes was detected with either mAb. In contrast to human granulocytes, canine granulocytes were negative by both Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. PNL2 mAb proved to be highly specific for the identification of formalinfixed canine melanocytic neoplasms and should be a valuable diagnostic reagent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Investigation of PNL2 Reactivity of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms and Comparison with Melan A

et al. 2010

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“…188 Another moderately useful marker is the antibody against S100, an intracellular and intranuclear acidic, calcium-binding protein. 71,209,210,243 Most melanomas are reported to be S100 positive, but the same is true of many other neurogenic and nonneurogenic tumors, including carcinoids. 122,169,190,200 Normal S100 cells are also widely distributed, particularly in epithelial and lymphoid tissue.…”

Section: Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of Melanocytic Neoplasms

2002

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Abstract. Melanoma is a devastating disease frequently encountered within both veterinary and human medicine. Molecular changes linked with neoplastic transformation of melanocytes include mutations in genes that encode proteins intrinsic to the regulatory pathways of two tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein and p53), proto-oncogene mutation to oncogenes, altered expression of epithelial cadherin and CD44 adhesion molecules, and upregulation of angiogenic factors and other growth factors. Histologic evaluation of the primary mass is the most common means of diagnosis, with cytology used more frequently to document metastasis. Melanoma's highly variable histologic and cytologic patterns can make diagnosis by either method problematic. Adherent epithelioid morphology, including signet ring forms, and nonadherent round and spindle forms are recognized, with pigmentation an inconsistent finding. The site of the tumor, the thickness of the primary tumor or depth of invasion, and the number of mitotic figures per high-power field or per millimeter are used histologically to predict biologic behavior, whereas site and degree of pleomorphism are typically used for cytologic preparations. Diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma can be aided by ancillary diagnostic techniques. Tumor cells are usually positive for vimentin, S100, neuron-specific enolase, and Melan-A, and negative for cytokeratin. Melan-A as a positive marker is not as sensitive as the others are but is likely more specific. Monoclonal antibodies to human melanosome-specific antigens 1 and 5 cross-react with canine antigens for a combined sensitivity rate of 83%. Mouse monoclonal antibody IBF9 specifically recognizes canine melanoma antigen and also has good sensitivity. Serologic markers, including cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and melanoma-inhibitory activity, are being investigated as potential sentinels of melanoma. Currently, there is no single diagnostic technique capable of differentiating benign from malignant melanocytic neoplasms or predicting survival time.

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“…Our results for S-100 immunohistochemistry in melanomas, schwannomas, and GISTs were similar to those reported previously. 4,6,12 In one study, S-100 was detected immunohistochemically in 75% of pigmented melanomas and 90% of amelanotic melanomas of dogs. 5 All seven cell lines established from canine melanomas also expressed S-100 protein.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of Tyrosinase-related Protein-2, S-100, and Melan A Immunoreactivity in Canine Amelanotic Melanomas

Choi

Kusewitt

2003

Vet Pathol

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Abstract. Tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) is a highly conserved melanogenic enzyme expressed in both pigmented and unpigmented melanomas of the mouse. To determine whether TRP-2 would be a good diagnostic marker for amelanotic melanomas of the dog, we performed immunohistochemistry for TRP-2, S-100, and Melan A on 21 canine tumors identified as amelanotic melanomas based on routine histopathologic examination. Thirteen of the tumors were TRP-2 positive, 10 were Melan A positive, and 19 were S-100 positive. TRP-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in both primary and metastatic melanomas. S-100 staining was positive in all of three schwannomas and two of three gastrointestinal stromal tumors (one fibrosarcoma and one leiomyosarcoma) tested. Neither Melan A nor TRP-2 antibodies reacted with these tumors. Our findings indicate that staining for TRP-2 is a sensitive and specific method for confirming the diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma in dogs.

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Immunohistochemical Staining For S100 Protein in the Diagnosis of Canine Amelanotic Melanoma

Cited by 47 publications

References 18 publications

Immunohistochemical Investigation of PNL2 Reactivity of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms and Comparison with Melan A

Immunohistochemical Investigation of PNL2 Reactivity of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms and Comparison with Melan A

A Comparative Review of Melanocytic Neoplasms

Comparison of Tyrosinase-related Protein-2, S-100, and Melan A Immunoreactivity in Canine Amelanotic Melanomas

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