Immunological parameters in goats experimentally infected with SRLV genotype E, strain Roccaverano

Reina, Ramsés; Juganaru, M.; Profiti, Margherita; Cascio, Paolo; Cerruti, Fulvia; Bertolotti, Luigi; Meneghi, Daniele De; Amorena, B.; Rosati, Sergio

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.001

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…By contrast, in the mammary tissue of goat #2, which showed a low proviral load, only few lymphoid follicles were observed (Figure 6a). These results, however, should be interpreted with caution, indeed, mild histopathological lesions were observed in goats infected with the highly attenuated SRLV E subtype and also in control age matched animals ( [7,27] and Sergio Rosati personal communication).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In view of the importance of colostrum and milk for the transmission of SRLV this is not surprising. Indeed, the mammary gland was shown to be the only target organ that efficiently permits transmission of highly attenuated SRLV E1 in goat familiar lineages [7,27]. Additionally, we had previously shown that SRLV A and B co-infected mothers tend to transmit the SRLV A subtype more efficiently to their offspring than the B subtype, suggesting that this particular subtypes are particularly efficient in lactogenic transmission [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of small ruminant lentivirus A4 subtype isolates and assessment of their pathogenic potential in naturally infected goats

Deubelbeiss

Blatti-Cardinaux

Zahno

et al. 2014

Virol J

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BackgroundSmall ruminant lentiviruses escaping efficient serological detection are still circulating in Swiss goats in spite of a long eradication campaign that essentially eliminated clinical cases of caprine arthritis encephalitis in the country. This strongly suggests that the circulating viruses are avirulent for goats.To test this hypothesis, we isolated circulating viruses from naturally infected animals and tested the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of these field isolates.MethodsViruses were isolated from primary macrophage cultures. The presence of lentiviruses in the culture supernatants was monitored by reverse transcriptase assay. Isolates were passaged in different cells and their cytopathogenic effects monitored by microscopy. Proviral load was quantified by real-time PCR using customized primer and probes. Statistical analysis comprised Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test.ResultsThe isolated viruses belonged to the small ruminant lentiviruses A4 subtype that appears to be prominent in Switzerland. The 4 isolates replicated very efficiently in macrophages, displaying heterogeneous phenotypes, with two isolates showing a pronounced cytopathogenicity for these cells. By contrast, all 4 isolates had a poor replication capacity in goat and sheep fibroblasts. The proviral loads in the peripheral blood and, in particular, in the mammary gland were surprisingly high compared to previous observations. Nevertheless, these viruses appear to be of low virulence for goats except for the mammary gland were histopathological changes were observed.ConclusionsSmall ruminant lentiviruses continue to circulate in Switzerland despite a long and expensive caprine arthritis encephalitis virus eradication campaign. We isolated 4 of these lentiviruses and confirmed their phylogenetic association with the prominent A4 subtype. The pathological and histopathological analysis of the infected animals supported the hypothesis that these A4 viruses are of low pathogenicity for goats, with, however, a caveat about the potentially detrimental effects on the mammary gland. Moreover, the high proviral load detected indicates that the immune system of the animals cannot control the infection and this, combined with the phenotypic plasticity observed in vitro, strongly argues in favour of a continuous and precise monitoring of these SRLV to avoid the risk of jeopardizing a long eradication campaign.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of small ruminant lentivirus A4 subtype isolates and assessment of their pathogenic potential in naturally infected goats

Deubelbeiss

Blatti-Cardinaux

Zahno

et al. 2014

Virol J

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“…Since pulmonary lesions are not described in the infection by this genotype, we wondered whether infection of precursor cells in the bone marrow would establish a persistent infection more efficiently. The strain used for the inoculation was produced and titrated according to the procedure previously reported by Reina et al (2011). The remaining two goats were mock infected and kept as negative controls.…”

Section: Experimental Animals and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral load, tissue distribution and histopathological lesions in goats naturally and experimentally infected with the Small Ruminant Lentivirus Genotype E (subtype E1 Roccaverano strain)

Grego

Reina

Lanfredini³

et al. 2018

Research in Veterinary Science

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Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLV) subtype E1, also known as Roccaverano strain, is considered a low pathogenic virus on the basis of natural genetic deletions, in vitro properties and on-farm observations. In order to gain more knowledge on this atypical lentivirus we investigated the in vivo tropism of Roccaverano strain in both, experimentally and naturally infected goats. Antibody responses were monitored as well as tissue distribution and viral load, evaluated by real time PCR on single spliced (gag/env) and multiple spliced (rev) RNA targets respectively, that were compared to histopathological lesions. Lymph nodes, spleen, alveolar macrophages and mammary gland turned out to be the main tissue reservoirs of genotype E1-provirus. Moreover, mammary gland and/or mammary lymph nodes acted as active replication sites in dairy goats, supporting the lactogenic transmission of this virus. Notably, a direct association between viral load and concomitant infection or inflammatory processes was evident within organs such as spleen, lung and testis. Our results validate the low pathogenicity designation of SRLV genotype E1 in vivo, and confirm the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage as the main virus reservoir of this genotype. Accordingly, SRLV genotype E displays a tropism towards all tissues characterized by an abundant presence of these cells, either for their own anatomical structure or for an occasional infectious/inflammatory status.

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“…Experimental infection was performed by intra-medullary inoculation into the trochanteric fossa as described previously (Reina et al, 2011). On the day of challenge, sheep were allocated to one of three groups, each housed separately.…”

Section: Experimental Infection and Longitudinal Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosing infection with small ruminant lentiviruses of genotypes A and B by combining synthetic peptides in ELISA

Sanjosé¹,

Pinczowski²,

Crespo³

et al. 2015

The Veterinary Journal

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The major challenges in diagnosing small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection include early detection and genotyping of strains of epidemiological interest. A longitudinal study was carried out in Rasa Aragonesa sheep experimentally infected with viral strains of genotypes A or B from Spanish neurological and arthritic SRLV outbreaks, respectively. Sera were tested with two commercial ELISAs, three based on specific peptides and a novel combined peptide ELISA. Three different PCR assays were used to further assess infection status. The kinetics of anti-viral antibody responses were variable, with early diagnosis dependent on the type of ELISA used. Peptide epitopes of SRLV genotypes A and B combined in the same ELISA well enhanced the overall detection rate, whereas single peptides were useful for genotyping the infecting strain (A vs. B). The results of the study suggest that a combined peptide ELISA can be used for serological diagnosis of SRLV infection, with single peptide ELISAs useful for subsequent serotyping.

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Immunological parameters in goats experimentally infected with SRLV genotype E, strain Roccaverano

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Characterization of small ruminant lentivirus A4 subtype isolates and assessment of their pathogenic potential in naturally infected goats

Characterization of small ruminant lentivirus A4 subtype isolates and assessment of their pathogenic potential in naturally infected goats

Viral load, tissue distribution and histopathological lesions in goats naturally and experimentally infected with the Small Ruminant Lentivirus Genotype E (subtype E1 Roccaverano strain)

Diagnosing infection with small ruminant lentiviruses of genotypes A and B by combining synthetic peptides in ELISA

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