Impact of blood storage duration on hematologic, blood gas, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep undergoing allogeneic blood transfusions

Abstract

BackgroundHemotherapy in ruminants is limited to whole blood transfusions, sometimes with stored blood for up to 42 days, but little attention has been given to the effect of blood storage times and recipient responses after transfusions.ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the hematologic and serum biochemical effects after allogeneic blood transfusion with either fresh or stored blood in sheep. We also sought to examine hematologic and biochemical analyte changes in the store blood.MethodsEighteen sheep underwent a single phlebotomy to remove 40% of their blood volume. The sheep were divided into three experimental groups, G0, G15, and G35, which included six animals, each receiving 20 mL/kg of either fresh blood or blood stored in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (CPDA‐1) bags for 15 and 35 days, respectively. Biochemical, hematologic, coagulation, blood gas, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress test evaluations were performed using the blood samples gathered at T0 (before transfusion), 30 minutes (T30m), 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours (T6h‐T96h), 8 days (T8d), and 16 days (T16d) after transfusions.ResultsSheep exhibited increases in packed cell volumes, red blood cell counts, and total hemoglobin concentrations at T30m (P < .05). G35 animals had greater plasma hemoglobin concentrations at T12h and decreased blood pH values at T6h, characterized by slight metabolic acidemia. Regarding oxidative stress, G35 animals had decreased catalase activities from T0 at T30m, T6h, T12h, and T24h, indicating that hemolysis had occurred, which was supported by concomitant increases in bilirubin.ConclusionsSheep transfused with 35‐day stored blood exhibited greater hematologic, blood gas, biochemical, and oxidative alterations; however, anemic animals without comorbidities effectively reversed those alterations.

Impact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep

“…Acute blood loss in this study caused oxidative stress; however, a recent report showed that sheep submitted to acute hemorrhage had reduced GSH values 24 h after blood loss and that transfusion of fresh or stored whole blood promoted the restoration of oxygen supply, and consequent return of initial GSH values [ 15 ]. Blood loss can occur due to different factors and different intensities.…”

“…After 24 h of anemia induction, considering the best standards of animal welfare, all sheep were treated and received a transfusion of whole blood and were followed until full recovery, as described by Sousa et al [ 15 ], who used the same animals from this study. A minimum number of sheep was used in this study since animals were divided in three groups of six sheep, following the study of Sousa et al [ 15 ].…”

“…Research shows that chronic blood loss promotes oxidative stress mainly due to iron deficiency generated by parasitism or chronic inflammatory disease in sheep [ 13 ], as well as hemolysis due to parasitism by Babesia ovis [ 14 ], but the effect of acute blood loss on the generation of free radicals, which can damage the red blood cell membrane and reduce its half-life, is not known. A study with transfusion of stored blood in sheep [ 15 ] showed a reduction in the activity of the enzyme reduced glutathione after acute blood loss and this variable returned to normal values after blood transfusion, suggesting that the generation of free radicals may be reduced in cases of acute anemia when red blood cells are responsive, which can reduce oxidative damage to red blood cells.…”

“…Although research focusing on animal blood therapy has received some attention in recent years, with research available about blood preservation and transfusion in a wide range of animal species [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], the basic understanding of physiological alteration occurring after acute blood loss are still limited, especially in ruminants. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress changes in sheep subjected to acute blood loss.…”

Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus africanus) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags

“…The blood storage bags used in veterinary medicine were developed for the storage of human blood, however studies have been evaluating the viability of such blood bags for the storage of blood of different animal species [7,8]. The CPDA-1 bags contain a solution of citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (63 mL) that allows the storage of human blood for 35 days, while the CPD/SAG-M bags, in addition to citrate, phosphate, and dextrose (63 mL) have an additive solution in a satellite bag containing saline, adenine, and mannitol (100 mL) that provides a greater supply of energy and phosphate for the survival of red blood cells.…”