Impact of RTA and PTA on Bangladesh’s Export: Application of a Gravity Model

Ullah, Muhammad Shariat; Inaba, Kazuo

doi:10.1007/s10842-011-0116-3

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Building on previous work (Pal, 2008;Sorgho, 2016;Ullah & Inaba, 2011) we argue that gains from RTAs are doubtful while the proliferation of RTAs has globally negative effect on trade. The simple existence of RTAs does not necessarily guarantee that multilateral trading system will be the next step.…”

Section: Most Favoured Nation (Mfn)mentioning

confidence: 55%

Imperfection of the World Trade Organization as a Hazard for International Business

Żołądkiewicz

Orłowska

2020

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This paper examines the negative impact of the paralysis observed in the World Trade Organization (WTO) functioning on international business. We provide an overview of the loopholes in the WTO rules and principles which became serious threats for the multilateral trading system. Our research identifies important loopholes in the MFN clause, DSB and Appellate Body. We bring clarity that the paralysis observed in the WTO functioning is a consequence of these factors. The deviations and exceptions of the WTO rules permit the WTO members to compete “unfairly”. China is among the economies which are the most efficient in this respect. We term China’s behaviour on the global market as “economic factitious disorder”. It can be explained as permanently maintaining the status of a developing country by China and using preferences for LDCs despite a really high level of economic development. These findings indicate that the WTO lacks the mechanism to react and to prevent such abuses. They were not envisaged by the WTO creators, which suggests the need of the WTO reform. We contribute to international business research and the international organizations literature by identifying the causes of the paralysis of the WTO functioning.

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Section: Most Favoured Nation (Mfn)mentioning

confidence: 55%

Imperfection of the World Trade Organization as a Hazard for International Business

Żołądkiewicz

Orłowska

2020

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“…Another important factor that has been considered in gravity models while examining bilateral trade and FDI flows is regional trade agreements (e.g. Baier & Bergstrand, 2007, Balgati, Egger, & Pfaffermayr, 2008; Ullah & Inaba, 2012; Thangavelu & Narjoko, 2014; Chenaf‐Nicet and Rougier, 2016; Martínez‐San Román, Bengoa, & Sánchez‐Robles, 2016; Cherif & Dreger, 2018), which we will also include in our estimations. Furthermore, we control for civil conflict and institutional quality of the host country.…”

Section: Data and Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Democracy in the neighborhood and foreign direct investment

Pinar

Stengos

2020

Review Development Economics

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The determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) have been extensively studied. Even though there is extensive research in the area, most of it is based on analyzing the effects of host country characteristics on FDI flows, and yet there is little research on how neighboring country characteristics play a role in facilitating FDI flows to host countries. This paper analyzes the association between the democracy level in neighboring countries and FDI flows to host countries. Using bilateral FDI flows from the OECD countries, with a large host country sample, we find that countries surrounded by democratic countries attract higher FDI flows. Furthermore, we find evidence that countries that are surrounded by neighboring countries with good institutions tend themselves to have better institutions, experience lower civil conflict, and have higher political stability and hence indirectly attract higher FDI flows. Our findings suggest that if neighboring countries act in such way as to become more democratic, FDI flows to these countries would be higher since not only does improving the quality of democracy attract more FDI inflows, but also being surrounded by neighboring advanced democratic countries will also lead to higher FDI flows to them.

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“…In the first part of the gravity literature, we focus on Pakistan-related studies that discussed the international trade and in the second part international studies at World level have been taken into account. In most of the international level studies, export are taken as a dependent variable (Kong and Kneller, 2016;Suvankulov and Guc, 2012;Trotignon, 2010;Ullah and Inaba, 2012). Similarly, some other studies used import as dependent variable (Abiad et al, 2014;Tumbarello, 2006;Westerlund and Wilhelmsson, 2011).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly; GDP, per capita GDP of the trade partners as well as distance are used as independent variables in nearly all studies in the literature (Abiad et al, 2014;Ranajoy et al, 2006;Suvankulov and Guc, 2012;Ullah and Inaba, 2012;Westerlund and Wilhelmsson, 2011). Within this context, numerous other variables that can be involved in the gravity equations, which can explain the real picture of international trade of Pakistan.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pakistan’s Trade and Trading Partners Using Gravity Model: A Static and Dynamic Panel Data

Ullah¹,

Kiani²,

Imran³

2019

JBR

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This paper examines Pakistans trade flows using a gravity model for the period 2002-2015. We have selected the following major trade partners: China, UAE, Saudi Arab, United States, Kuwait, Malaysia, Japan, India, Singapore, Afghanistan and Iran. In this research, we employed static and dynamic econometric approaches. The results from the two approaches are similar, which showed economic size and distance have played a crucial role in bilateral trade. Furthermore, political globalization was found to be significant and played a vital role during the study period. These variables confirm that the theoretical models, Pakistan and Pakistan trade partner with economic masses, political globalization, and distance strongly effect trade liaison

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Impact of RTA and PTA on Bangladesh’s Export: Application of a Gravity Model

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Imperfection of the World Trade Organization as a Hazard for International Business

Imperfection of the World Trade Organization as a Hazard for International Business

Democracy in the neighborhood and foreign direct investment

Pakistan’s Trade and Trading Partners Using Gravity Model: A Static and Dynamic Panel Data

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