Impact of sex and age on the lateralisation of the tibial tubercle in normal paediatric and adolescent populations

Abstract

PurposeNumerous methods have been proposed to characterise tubercle lateralisation. However, their normal values and related changes remain unclear. Accordingly, it was aimed to determine the potential sex and age effects and determined the optimal individualised method of diagnosing lateralisation of the tibial tubercle in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation (RPD).MethodsMeasurements included the tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT‐TG) distance, tibial tubercle‐posterior cruciate ligament (TT‐PCL) distance and tibial tubercle lateralisation (TTL); and the proximal tibial width (PTW), trochlear width (TW) and trochlear dysplasia index (TDI), for adjustment. A two‐way analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of age, sex and their interaction within the normal group. When the age effect was statistically significant, a nonlinear regression was created. Areas under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were calculated to assess diagnostic accuracy.ResultsA total of 277 normal participants (mean [SD] age, 13.5 [2.6] years; 125 [45.1%] female) and 227 patients with RPD (mean [SD] age, 13.5 [2.6] years; 161 [58.1%] female) were analysed. It was found that in the normal group, in patients aged 7–10, TT‐PCL distance (p = 0.006), TTL (p = 0.007) and TT‐PCL/PTW (p < 0.001) were significantly larger in females than in males. A significant sex effect was also detected on TT‐TG/TW (p = 0.014). TT‐TG distance, TT‐PCL distance, TTL and TT‐PCL/PTW (in male patients) approached an established normal adult value of 12.3 mm, 20.9 mm, 0.64 and 0.28, respectively, with increasing age (p < 0.001). The AUC was greater for TT‐TG/TDI and TT‐TG/TW (p ≤ 0.01) and TT‐TG/TDI outperformed TT‐TG/TW in patients aged 15–18 (p = 0.004).ConclusionsTubercle lateralisation increased with age and was affected by sex, with the exception of TT‐TG distance and TT‐TG/TDI. TT‐TG/TDI is the optimal method of diagnosing a lateralized tibial tubercle in patients with RPD. These findings assist with the evaluation of tubercle lateralisation in that they provide a proper protocol for paediatric and adolescent populations with RPD; and thus, will help determine whether medial tubercle transfer should be included among the tailored surgical procedures considered for the treatment of patients with RPD.Level of EvidenceLevel III.