Impact on the Power Grid Caused via Ultra-Fast Charging Technologies of the Electric Buses Fleet

Al-Saadi, Mohammed; Bhattacharyya, S.; Tichelen, Pierre Van; Mathes, Manuel; Käsgen, Johannes; Mierlo, Joeri Van; Berecibar, Maitane

doi:10.3390/en15041424

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…This technology seamlessly integrates into existing bus networks by installing fast chargers at specific stops. This arrangement maintains continuous bus service, reduces maintenance costs, enhances bus availability, and allows for around-the-clock operations [54]. This charging technology is highly flexible and can charge electric buses during the day at rates from 150 kW to 600 kW.…”

Section: Challenges Of Bus Electrification: Vehicle Scheduling and Ti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Electric Shuttle Bus Efficiency: A Case Study on Timetabling and Scheduling Optimization

Alamatsaz,

Quesnel,

Eicker

2024

Energies

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As transit authorities increasingly adopt electric buses (EBs) to mitigate air quality concerns and greenhouse gas emissions, new challenges arise in bus scheduling and timetabling. Unlike traditional buses, EBs face operational obstacles due to their shorter range and extended charging times. Existing mathematical optimization models for operation planning of traditional buses must be revised to address these unique characteristics of EBs. This study introduces a new approach to integrate timetabling and bus scheduling to enhance the level of service and minimize operational costs, using a case study of a University shuttle bus service in Montreal, Canada. The level of service will be enhanced by reducing students waiting time and improving their in-vehicle comfort through seat availability. The scheduling aspect seeks to reduce the total operational costs, which include travel, electricity consumption, and usage costs of EBs. The proposed algorithm calculates the waiting time and seat availability for different headway values and addresses the scheduling problem using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model with an arc-based approach, solved using the Cplex Optimization Studio software version 12.8. A normalized weighted sum technique is then applied to select the optimal headway, balancing waiting time, seat availability, and operational costs. The effectiveness of our approach was tested through a case study of Concordia University’s shuttle bus service. Comparative analysis of the current and proposed schedules shows that our approach significantly improves service quality by decreasing waiting times and increasing seat availability while optimizing cost-effectiveness compared to the existing timetable of the Concordia shuttle bus. The proposed approach ensures a smooth transition to a fully electric transit system for shuttle bus services.

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Section: Challenges Of Bus Electrification: Vehicle Scheduling and Ti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Electric Shuttle Bus Efficiency: A Case Study on Timetabling and Scheduling Optimization

Alamatsaz,

Quesnel,

Eicker

2024

Energies

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“…Due to their high-power consumption and rigorous charge times, EBs in particular present unique charging-related issues. Additionally, the battery capacities of EB used for public transportation are very high (150-450 kW), greater than that of electric cars, and the charging power is also several times greater than that of electric cars [152]. As a result, high energy consumption and detrimental effects on power distribution networks may result [153].…”

Section: Impact On the Power Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review

et al. 2022

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Transit agencies are increasingly embracing electric buses (EB) as an energy-efficient and emission-free alternative to the conventional bus fleets. They are rapidly replacing conventional buses with electric ones. As a result, emerging challenges of electrifying public transportation bus networks in cities should be addressed. Introducing electric buses to the bus transit system would affect the public transit operation planning steps. The steps are network design, timetabling, bus scheduling, and crew scheduling. Regarding the functional and operational differences between conventional buses and electric buses, such stages should be changed and optimized to enhance the level of service for the users while reducing operating costs for service providers. Many mathematical optimization models have been developed for conventional buses. However, such models would not fit the electric buses due to EBs’ limited traveling range and long charging time. Therefore, new mathematical models should be developed to consider the unique features of electric buses. We present a comprehensive literature review to critically review and classify the work done on these topics. This paper compares the studies that have been done in this field and highlight the missing links and gaps in the considered papers, and the potential future studies that could be done. The considered papers cover the integration of timetabling and vehicle scheduling, recharging scheduling planning, and fast charging infrastructure location planning and its impacts on the grid. The main goal of this research is to highlight the research gaps and potential directions for future studies in this domain to encourage more realistic and applicable models and solution approaches for fully electric bus transit systems.

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“…Therefore, the EMC values according to "1999/519/EC: Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)" were measured and compared for two superfast charging stations (300 kW and 350 kW) in Osnabrück (OSN). For more information on the OSN demo, see [14,15]. To determine the effect on passengers and nearby residents, EMC levels were measured at various locations around the charger and the bus as well as inside the vehicle.…”

Section: Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy-Duty Battery Electric Buses’ Integration in Cities Based on Superfast Charging Technologies: Impact on the Urban Life

et al. 2022

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As part of this work, several Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) of 9 m, 12 m, and 18 m lengths and superfast chargers based on a pantograph of up to 600 kW were developed and demonstrated in selected European cities. In Osnabrück (OSN), Germany, superfast charging technologies based on BEBs were demonstrated, and numerous measurement campaigns were conducted. Within the scope of this work, two measurement campaigns are presented, which are related to the impact of BEBs on the urban life, i.e., people’s safety, environment, and users’ comfort. People’s safety was investigated in terms of the electromagnetic emissions emanating from two superfast chargers of 350 kW and 300 kW, as such high charging power during the charging process could be a risk to people’s health and electronics inside and outside the bus. The results showed that the magnetic and electrical emissions are far below the safety standard limits. This confirms that the developed vehicles and chargers in the ASSURED project operate under safe conditions for people in the vicinity of the charging station. Environmental impact and users’ comfort were studied in terms of electric motor noises (compared to diesel engines), power electronic devices and their cooling, contact noises of the pantograph, and vibration inside the BEBs compared to diesel buses. It was found that, in most cases, the outside noise emission of BEBs are significantly lower than the noise emissions emitted by diesel buses. Considering the inside noise emissions in the passenger’s section, all BEBs showed lower Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) in comparison to the diesel busses. As a second part of the ride comfort, vibrations inside BEBs are on the same level as some diesel buses but are mostly significantly lower. All charging processes (pantograph operation and charging process) have a slight noise emission, with 64.6 dB(A) and 52.3 dB(A), respectively, when comparing the engine noise at the departure of the tested diesel buses with 70.8 dB(A) to 80.4 dB(A). Overall, a reduction in noise emissions and an improvement in the ride comfort were observed for the BEBs compared to diesel busses. The objective of this brief study is to provide bus operators, decision-makers, urban planners, and authorities with an overview of the benefits of BEBs for cities and to help them understand the various infrastructural impacts on urban areas and improve the quality of services.

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Impact on the Power Grid Caused via Ultra-Fast Charging Technologies of the Electric Buses Fleet

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

Enhancing Electric Shuttle Bus Efficiency: A Case Study on Timetabling and Scheduling Optimization

Enhancing Electric Shuttle Bus Efficiency: A Case Study on Timetabling and Scheduling Optimization

Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review

Heavy-Duty Battery Electric Buses’ Integration in Cities Based on Superfast Charging Technologies: Impact on the Urban Life

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