Implementation and Testing of Ice and Mud Source Functions in WAVEWATCH III (registered trademark)

Rogers, W. E.; Orzech, Mark D.

doi:10.21236/ada584701

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…A robust form of the ice dissipation term, S ice is actively being pursued (Liu and Mollo-Christensen, 1988;Liu et al, 1991;Tolman, 2003;Wang and Shen, 2010b;Rogers and Orzech, 2013). The focus of this study was not to attempt to quantify S ice , but the effects of S ice are clearly important to the local balance, because S ice is setting ωE(ω) which in turn sets S wind for any given wind forcing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air-sea interactions in the marginal ice zone

Zippel

Thomson

2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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The importance of waves in the Arctic Ocean has increased with the significant retreat of the seasonal sea-ice extent. Here, we use wind, wave, turbulence, and ice measurements to evaluate the response of the ocean surface to a given wind stress within the marginal ice zone, with a focus on the local wind input to waves and subsequent ocean surface turbulence. Observations are from the Beaufort Sea in the summer and early fall of 2014, with fractional ice cover of up to 50%. Observations showed strong damping and scattering of short waves, which, in turn, decreased the wind energy input to waves. Near-surface turbulent dissipation rates were also greatly reduced in partial ice cover. The reductions in waves and turbulence were balanced, suggesting that a wind-wave equilibrium is maintained in the marginal ice zone, though at levels much less than in open water. These results suggest that air-sea interactions are suppressed in the marginal ice zone relative to open ocean conditions at a given wind forcing, and this suppression may act as a feedback mechanism in expanding a persistent marginal ice zone throughout the Arctic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air-sea interactions in the marginal ice zone

Zippel

Thomson

2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…We implement version 5.08 of WW3, on a curvilinear grid matching the spatial resolution of ice concentrations at 12.5 km. The curvilinear grid is well suited to model waves near the poles since the geographic distance between nodes is equal making the computation more efficient (Rogers and Orzech, 2013). The spectra are composed of 24 directions and 32 frequencies exponentially spaced from 0.037 to 0.7 Hz at a relative increment of 1.1.…”

Section: Wavewatch III Model Implementation Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave climate in the Arctic 1992–2014: seasonality and trends

2016

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Abstract. Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field, which depends on the icefree ocean and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the Arctic spanning 1992-2014 from a merged altimeter data set and a wave hindcast that uses CFSR winds and ice concentrations from satellites as input. The model performs well, verified by the altimeters, and is relatively consistent for climate studies. The wave seasonality and extremes are linked to the ice coverage, wind strength, and wind direction, creating distinct features in the wind seas and swells. The altimeters and model show that the reduction of sea ice coverage causes increasing wave heights instead of the wind. However, trends are convoluted by interannual climate oscillations like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In the Nordic Greenland Sea the NAO influences the decreasing wind speeds and wave heights. Swells are becoming more prevalent and windsea steepness is declining. The satellite data show the sea ice minimum occurs later in fall when the wind speeds increase. This creates more favorable conditions for wave development. Therefore we expect the ice freeze-up in fall to be the most critical season in the Arctic and small changes in ice cover, wind speeds, and wave heights can have large impacts to the evolution of the sea ice throughout the year. It is inconclusive how important wave-ice processes are within the climate system, but selected events suggest the importance of waves within the marginal ice zone.

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“…At present, this is the only quantity used to parameterize wave-sea ice interactions in large scale IOMs (e.g. Williams et al 2013a,b using the scattering/viscous model of Bennetts & Squire 2012b) and SWMs (Rogers & Orzech 2013 using the viscous models of Liu et al 1991a andWang &Shen 2010).…”

Section: Attenuation Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We note that at present only two-dimensional approaches (i.e. those with one wave direction) are employed to model wave energy attenuation in such large scale models, with no exchange of energy between different wave directions (see Rogers & Orzech 2013;Doble & Bidlot 2013;Williams et al 2013a,b, for implementation in SWMs and IOMs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation and directional spreading of ocean wave spectra in the marginal ice zone

2016

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A theoretical model is used to study wave energy attenuation and directional spreading of ocean wave spectra in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). The MIZ is constructed as an array of tens of thousands of compliant circular ice floes, with randomly selected positions and radii determined by an empirical floe size distribution. Linear potential flow and thin elastic plate theories model the coupled water-ice system. A new method is proposed to solve the time-harmonic multiple scattering problem under a multi-directional incident wave forcing with random phases. It provides a natural framework for tracking the evolution of the directional properties of a wave field through the MIZ. The attenuation and directional spreading are extracted from ensembles of the wave field with respect to realizations of the MIZ and incident forcing randomly generated from prescribed distributions. The averaging procedure is shown to converge rapidly so that only a small number of simulations need to be performed. Far field approximations are investigated, allowing efficiency improvements with negligible loss of accuracy. A case study is conducted for a particular MIZ configuration. Observed exponential attenuation of wave energy through the MIZ is reproduced by the model, while the directional spread is found to grow linearly with distance. Directional spreading is shown to weaken when the wavelength becomes larger than the maximum floe size.

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Implementation and Testing of Ice and Mud Source Functions in WAVEWATCH III (registered trademark)

Cited by 22 publications

References 34 publications

Air-sea interactions in the marginal ice zone

Air-sea interactions in the marginal ice zone

Wave climate in the Arctic 1992–2014: seasonality and trends

Attenuation and directional spreading of ocean wave spectra in the marginal ice zone

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