“…Large-scale computation Computational infrastructure, fog-, cloud-, and edge-computing [63,[79][80][81]88,90,112] Cyber security issues Advanced cyber-security protocols [22,85,92,106,117,118] Social impact Redistribute the workplace with minimum effects on employment [22,103,107,116,119] Another key challenge is model fidelity and validation. DT models must accurately represent the complex behaviour of offshore wind assets, including dynamic environmental conditions, structural loads, and system interactions [115]. Building high-fidelity models entails a foundation in FEA [15,87,88,120,121] and CFD [16,122,123], alongside the incorporation of innovative data-driven methodologies [94][95][96][97][98][99][100], all of which necessitate continuous validation against real-world data, thereby posing computational and analytical challenges [116].…”