Implementation of initial emission mitigation measures for 1,4-dioxane in Germany: Are they taking effect?

Karges, Ursula; Boer, Sabrina de; Vogel, Alexander L.; Püttmann, Wilhelm

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150701

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…45 The US EPA set a drinking water advisory level of 0.35 μg/L (with a cancer risk of 10 −6 ), 46 while Germany suggests a guideline value of 5 μg/L, 47 and subsequently, reduction strategies have been put in place to meet these levels. 48 In 2021, 1,4-dioxane was identified as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) under REACH owing to its equivalent level of concern to PBT/vPvB substances. 49 Besides these four rather well-known substances, there were several PMT/vPvM substances detected in this study that have, to the best of our knowledge, never been previously detected or only been detected very few times.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In combination with its carcinogenicity (Class 1B), the World Health Organization suggested a drinking water threshold of 50 μg/L . The US EPA set a drinking water advisory level of 0.35 μg/L (with a cancer risk of 10 –6 ), while Germany suggests a guideline value of 5 μg/L, and subsequently, reduction strategies have been put in place to meet these levels . In 2021, 1,4-dioxane was identified as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) under REACH owing to its equivalent level of concern to PBT/vPvB substances…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence, Distribution, and Environmental Behavior of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances in the Sources of German Drinking Water

Neuwald

Hübner

Wiegand

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances have been recognized as a threat to both the aquatic environment and to drinking water resources. These substances are currently prioritized for regulatory action by the European Commission, whereby a proposal for the inclusion of hazard classes for PMT and vPvM substances has been put forward. Comprehensive monitoring data for many PMT/vPvM substances in drinking water sources are scarce. Herein, we analyze 34 PMT/vPvM substances in 46 surface water, groundwater, bank filtrate, and raw water samples taken throughout Germany. Results of the sampling campaign demonstrated that known PMT/vPvM substances such as 1Hbenzotriazole, melamine, cyanuric acid, and 1,4-dioxane are responsible for substantial contamination in the sources of German drinking water. In addition, the results revealed the widespread presence of the emerging substances 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and diphenylguanidine (DPG). A correlation analysis showed a pronounced co-occurrence of PMT/vPvM substances associated predominantly with consumer or professional uses and also demonstrated an inhomogeneous co-occurrence for substances associated mainly with industrial use. These data were used to test the hypothesis that most PMT/vPvM substances pass bank filtration without significant concentration reduction, which is one of the main reasons for introducing PMT/vPvM as a hazard class within Europe.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Distribution, and Environmental Behavior of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances in the Sources of German Drinking Water

Neuwald

Hübner

Wiegand

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In 2017-2018, the same research group conducted a study of 1,4-dioxane in surface water and associated treated water after the implementation of mitigation measures at several sites. A decrease in 1,4-dioxane was observed, with concentrations below 10 µg/L in surface water and 1.68 µg/L in drinking water (Karges et al, 2022). In Spain, a survey conducted in 2015 showed 1,4-dioxane concentrations between 5.7 and 11.6 µg/L in groundwater from the Llobregat River.…”

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confidence: 99%

Occurrence in France of 1,4-dioxane, an emerging pollutant of high concern in drinking water

Bach,

Boiteux,

Dauchy

2024

Preprint

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In recent years, 1,4-dioxane has emerged as a pollutant of increasing concern following widespread detection in the aquatic environment of several countries. This persistent contaminant with specific physical and chemical properties can be rapidly dispersed and transported to river banks, groundwater and drinking water. Given the limited data on its occurrence in France, it was considered necessary to assess the potential exposure of the French population to this compound in drinking water. An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed and validated during this study with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.15 µg/L. Recoveries in natural water matrices ranged from 113–117% with a relative bias not exceeding 17%. This method was used for a nationwide campaign at almost 300 sites, evenly distributed over 101 French départements (administrative units), including some that were overseas. 1,4-Dioxane was detected mainly (63%) in raw and treated water from sites associated with historical industrial practices related to the use of chlorinated solvents. The maximum concentration of 1,4-dioxane found in a raw water sample was 4.80 µg/L. Drinking water treatment plants using ozonation, granular activated carbon and chlorination have limited effectiveness in the removal of 1,4-dioxane. The results of this study are the first step towards bridging the knowledge gap in the occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in France. Further investigations are needed with priority being given to several sites where 1,4-dioxane has been found in substantial concentrations (> 1 µg/L).

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France-Wide Monitoring of 1,4-Dioxane in Raw and Treated Water: Occurrence and Exposure Via Drinking Water Consumption

Bach,

Boiteux,

Dauchy

2024

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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In recent years, 1,4-dioxane has emerged as a pollutant of increasing concern following widespread detection in the aquatic environment of several countries. This persistent contaminant with specific physical and chemical properties can be rapidly dispersed and transported to river banks, groundwater and drinking water. Given the limited data on its occurrence in France, it was considered necessary to assess the potential exposure of the French population to this compound in drinking water. An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) was developed and validated during this study with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.15 µg/L. Recoveries in natural water matrices ranged from 113 to 117% with a relative bias not exceeding 17%. This method was used for a nationwide campaign at almost 300 sites, evenly distributed over 101 French départements (administrative units), including some that were overseas. Of the 587 samples analysed, only 8% had a concentration that was greater than or equal to the LOQ. 1,4-Dioxane was detected mainly (63%) in raw and treated water from sites associated with historical industrial practices related to the use of chlorinated solvents. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane ranging from 0.19 to 2.85 µg/L were observed in the raw water and from 0.18 to 2.46 µg/L in the treated water. Drinking water treatment plants using ozonation, granular activated carbon and chlorination have limited effectiveness in the removal of 1,4-dioxane. The results of this study are the first step towards bridging the knowledge gap in the occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in France.

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Implementation of initial emission mitigation measures for 1,4-dioxane in Germany: Are they taking effect?

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Occurrence, Distribution, and Environmental Behavior of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances in the Sources of German Drinking Water

Occurrence, Distribution, and Environmental Behavior of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances in the Sources of German Drinking Water

Occurrence in France of 1,4-dioxane, an emerging pollutant of high concern in drinking water

France-Wide Monitoring of 1,4-Dioxane in Raw and Treated Water: Occurrence and Exposure Via Drinking Water Consumption

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