Implementation of the Ramsar Convention on South American wetlands: an update

Abstract

This review presents the current knowledge regarding South American wetlands and summarizes major outcomes of the implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance for the South American continent. South America is the wettest continent on Earth, with wetlands accounting for ∼20% of its area. Wetlands harbor an exceptional rich biodiversity also including many endemic plant and animal species. They provide numerous ecosystem services in terms of provisioning material goods, regulating biogeochemical cycles, providing habitat, sustaining cultural practices, and importantly, contributing to the maintenance and generation of regional biodiversity. Major threats to wetlands include agroindustrial expansion, deforestation, soil erosion, mining, pollution, inadequate resource use, and large infrastructural projects such as reservoir construction for hydropower. South American countries were slow in adopting definitions, delineations, and classifications of their wetlands and in inventorying wetlands according to their extent and ecological characteristics. However, Ramsar sites are increasing continuously in both numbers and extent, covering 113 sites, totaling an area of ∼373,000 km 2. Threats to wetlands and Ramsar sites are ongoing, mainly because of the lack of specific national wetland policies, limited financial and human resources, general lack of infrastructure, and limited monitoring capacity. The process of changing perceptions on the value of wetlands and their ecosystem services is improving, but it could be hastened by improved infrastructure and cooperation between Ramsar sites, wetland scientists, and local stakeholders. Outreach to raise awareness of societies, administrators, and governments of the critical importance of wetlands continues to be a major challenge for the conservation of South American wetlands.

Land Use Change Trajectories for Wetland Management (Mogi-Guaçu Floodplan River, Southern Brazil)

“…The transformation of natural vegetation into cropland and urban area is an increasingly recognized threat to many South American wetlands, being of particular interest because wetlands affected by these activities leave out capacity to provide ecosystem services [9]. This condition was reported in the Mogi Guaçu river basin, where the sugarcane cultivation corresponds to the predominant anthropogenic land use [37].…”

“…The new Brazilian "Forest Code" has contributed to the agricultural expansion in wetlands, because the permanent protection zone of wetlands has been significantly reduced [9].…”

“…Moreover, monitoring has become the focus of the Ramsar Convention [9] [38]. The primary focus for management purposes is therefore to provide a reference in which wetland can still return to natural conditions.…”

“…Threats to wetlands also include agro-industrial expansion, deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, mining, inappropriate use of resources and large infrastructural projects such as reservoir construction for hydropower, river channeling, road constructions and navigation [9]. These anthropogenic pressures contribute to wetland transformations [10] and lead to land use changes.…”

“…They provide a variety of ecosystem services, i.e. decomposition, regulating biogeochemical cycles, providing habitats, primary and secondary productivity and sustaining cultural practices [9].…”