“…These layers are considered being orthogonal to those of IT ecosystems, which apply here too [17]: i) operational: governing shop-floor activities, reporting of key performance indicators; ii) tactical: transformation of long-term objectives to medium/short-term decisions; and iii) strategic level: governing an organization's asset portfolio to support capital investment decisions. By this, asset and configuration management leverages the ability to generate and manage knowledge [5], as well as to achieve the balance between performance, costs and risks in a company's business objectives [13].Furthermore, it enables self-X features, which keeps complex CPPS controllable by being self-configurable, self-optimizing, self-healing, self-explanatory and self-protecting [15].…”