Implication of Nanoparticles to Combat Chronic Liver and Kidney Diseases: Progress and Perspectives

Abstract

Liver and kidney diseases are the most frequently encountered problems around the globe. Damage to the liver and kidney may occur as a result of exposure to various drugs, chemicals, toxins, and pathogens, leading to severe disease conditions such as cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatitis, acute kidney injury, and liver and renal failure. In this regard, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) has emerged as a rapidly developing field of study in terms of safe delivery of various medications to target organs with minimal side effects. Due to their physical characteristics, NPs have inherent pharmacological effects, and an accidental buildup can have a significant impact on the structure and function of the liver and kidney. By suppressing the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines iNOS and COX-2, NPs are known to possess anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, NPs have demonstrated their ability to operate as an antioxidant, squelching the generation of ROS caused by substances that cause oxidative stress. Finally, because of their pro-oxidant properties, they are also known to increase the level of ROS, which causes malignant liver and kidney cells to undergo apoptosis. As a result, NPs can be regarded as a double-edged sword whose inherent therapeutic benefits can be refined as we work to comprehend them in terms of their toxicity.

The applications of functional materials-based nano-formulations in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases

“…Chronic liver disease is a highly morbid and ongoing process inextricably linked to liver inflammation and oxidative stress, including various diseases such as chronic viral infections and autoimmune hepatitis, which lead to cirrhosis, fibrosis and liver failure ( Hashim et al, 2022 ; Zhang C. Y. et al, 2023 ; Foghis et al, 2023 ). The effectiveness and safety of NPs have been favored by many scientists in recent years due to the range of serious adverse reactions caused by drugs.…”

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma provokes renal toxicity and DNA injury in mice: Therapeutic impact of chitosan and maitake nanoparticles

“…8 Renal poisonousness could be indirect via poising compounds that potentially formed by liver or directly through accumulating toxic agents during filtration process. 9 Nephrotoxicity mainly associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis that cause kidney malfunction. 10 Former reports exhibited that using anticancer vehicles such as cisplatin and doxorubicin or chemicals to induce cancer models or xenografting of cancer cells such as EAC associated with renal damage.…”

“…The approved synthetic drugs for kidney treatment illustrated weakness in kidney curation during toxicity resulting from side effects of chemotherapy or cancer cells themselves 9 . Hence, natural compounds could reduce or prevent renal damage due to their elevated levels of antioxidant agents 7,8 .…”

“…13 The approved synthetic drugs for kidney treatment illustrated weakness in kidney curation during toxicity resulting from side effects of chemotherapy or cancer cells themselves. 9 Hence, natural compounds could reduce or prevent renal damage due to their elevated levels of antioxidant agents. 7,8 Biogenic nanoparticles, due to their unique properties, showed a potential therapeutic role against renal toxicity caused by the EAC model.…”

“…The kidney is the prime organ demanded to detoxicate, maintain extracellular fluid and eliminate toxic metabolites from our bodies 8 . Renal poisonousness could be indirect via poising compounds that potentially formed by liver or directly through accumulating toxic agents during filtration process 9 . Nephrotoxicity mainly associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis that cause kidney malfunction 10 .…”