Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority

Abstract

Attitudes toward female authority and their relationship to gender beliefs were examined using implicit and explicit measures of each. Implicit attitudes covaried with implicit gender authority beliefs (i.e., linking men to high-authority and women to low-authority roles). Explicit attitudes covaried with explicit gender authority beliefs, feminist identification, and hostile sexism. Thus, gender authority beliefs may influence both conscious and unconscious prejudice against female authorities. Although women showed less explicit prejudice than did men, their implicit attitudes were similarly negative. Finally, the relationship found between two different response latency methods (a priming task for attitudes, a categorization task for beliefs) supports the assumption that implicit measures assess similar constructs (i.e., automatic associations in long-term memory).

Romantic Priming Effects on the Social Desirability and Hireability of Self-Promoting Women

“…Previous research has demonstrated that women are just as likely as men to elicit backlash on self-promoting and/or agentic women (Parks-Stamm, Heilman, & Hearns, 2008;Rudman, 1998;Rudman & Kilianski, 2000). Our study aligned with previous literature since the self-promoting candidate received backlash in that she was rated less socially desirable than the qualified communal candidate.…”

Attitude towards Women in Managerial Positions: A study among Undergraduate Students of the University of Ghana

“…The PLIS is a unidimensional factor structure reflecting perceivers' overall impression of a leader's ethical integrity. The PLIS contains thirty (30) items measured on a four-point likert scale ranging: 0 (Not at all), 1 (Barely), 2 (Somewhat) and 3 (Well).…”

“…The scale consists of fifteen (15) items measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging: 4 (Strongly Agree), 3 (Agree), 2 (No Idea), 1 (Disagree) and 0 (Strongly Disagree). Reliability coefficient of .75 was reported by Rudman and Kilianski (2000). Scores ranging from 0 to 60 were awarded with 0 -30 depicting negative attitude and 31 to 60 depicting positive attitude towards women in managerial positions.…”

A portable version of the go/no-go association task (GNAT)

“…The IAT (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is the most popular of the RT measures of implicit social cognition and has been used to assess numerous psychological phenomena including prejudice (Greenwald et al, 1998), sexism (Rudman & Kilianski, 2000), romantic fantasies (Rudman & Heppen, 2003), spider phobia (de Jong, van den Hout, Rietbroek, & Huijding, 2003), weight identity (Grover, Keel, & Mitchell, 2003), and self-esteem (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000). Dabbs et al (2003) previously described a PDA version of the IAT that would allow researchers to measure implicit social cognition in field settings.…”