Important considerations in the derivation of background at sediment sites

Abstract

In the United States, there is an absence of federal guidance related to deriving and applying background concentrations at contaminated sediment sites. This absence has resulted in significant variability, uncertainty, and disagreement regarding how representative background concentrations of chemicals of concern should be derived for these sites. The present article discusses important considerations in the derivation of representative background concentrations to be used in the evaluation of contaminated sediment sites. Specifically, a thorough understanding of a site is critical to selecting the background reference areas from which representative background concentrations can be derived, representative background concentrations should account for contributions from those background chemical inputs (natural and anthropogenic sources) that will continue affecting the site even after remediation, perceived outliers should not be eliminated from the background data set just because they are the highest or lowest values, and geochemical evaluation of trace metals is a useful tool for deriving representative background concentrations. On a site‐specific level, representative background concentrations are critical for putting site‐related risk into context, developing a cost‐effective and technically feasible remedial approach, understanding the potential for recontamination, and ensuring long‐term remedy success. In a broader context, clear guidance from the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for deriving and applying background concentrations for contaminated sediment sites would help promote national consistency in site assessment and remedy decision making. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000–000. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Choose Your Procedure Wisely: Removal of Outliers is Inappropriate for Estimating Background Concentrations of Trace Elements in Soil

“…Finally, our considerations on background concentrations of metals in soil can be extended to other media and other types of contaminants of interest to environmental toxicology and chemistry. For instance, there are currently no guidelines on how to derive background concentrations at contaminated sediment sites, leading to significant variability, uncertainty, and disagreement on the methodology for deriving representative background concentrations of chemicals of concern at these sites (Geiselbrecht et al, 2019). The argument of the present study aims to help in understanding why removal of outliers is an unsound computational procedure for estimating background concentrations of chemicals in environmental media.…”

Pre-industrial sediment concentrations of metals: insights from the Venice lagoon (Italy)

“…Sediments in coastal environments origin from a combination of external inputs (i.e. atmospheric, freshwater and seawater inputs) and internal inputs such as direct discharges of municipal and industrial effluents, production and sedimentation of organic matter, and erosion of older deposits (Nichols and Boon 1994;Geiselbrecht et al 2019). A special case of the depositional environment is represented by coastal lagoons because of the multiple and intense interactions among physical, chemical and biological processes.…”