Improved and promising fecal sludge sanitizing methods: treatment of fecal sludge using resource recovery technologies

Abstract

The global challenges that face sustainable sanitation services in developing countries are the lack of fecal sludge management; this is due to the rapid urbanization and population growth as it generates enormous quantities of fecal sludge. The extensive use of unimproved sanitation technologies is one of the main reasons for environmental and public health concerns. In dispersed rural areas, isolated slums or in urban areas where a sewerage system is costly, decentralized wastewater system can be used. Therefore centralized management of decentralized wastewater systems along with proper institutional framework treatment of fecal sludge can be used to enhance the economies of developing counties from resource recovery. The discovery of new ways to inactivate pathogens contained in human waste is key in improving access to sanitation worldwide and reducing the impact of conventional waste management processes on the environment. The entire FS management system should include on-site sanitary treatment methods, collection, and transportation of FS, treatment facilities as well as resource recovery or disposal of the treated end products. This review paper addresses the hygienization of fecal sludge and improved treatment technologies for safe reuse or disposal of the end products and the significant economic revenues attained from the treatments of fecal sludge.

Generation and Management of Faecal Sludge Quantities and Potential for Resource Recovery in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

“…There is a misconception that on-site sanitation systems are simpler to manage than centrally based systems, resulting in adequate funding often not being allocated (Strande et al, 2018). Likewise, effective and proper FSM requires attention to the entire service chain (Boot and Scott, 2008;Strande et al, 2014), components of which include collection, transportation, treatment and safe end-uses or disposal (Klingel et al, 2002) and resource recovery (Zewde et al, 2021). In addition to considering all these components, for effective and sustainable FSM at city scale, data on the qualities and quantities of faecal sludge generated are required (Boot and Scott, 2008).…”

“…Treated faecal sludge is a potential source of fuel (Hafford et al, 2018) and a soil amendment for crop production (Zewde et al, 2021), benefits that could offset the upfront costs of treatment (Hafford et al, 2018;Zewde et al, 2021). Indeed, there is an ongoing paradigm shift from viewing human excreta as a waste to seeing it as a resource (Andersson et al, 2016).…”

Evaluasi Kelayakan Teknis, Sosial Ekonomi Dan Lingkungan Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (Iplt) Di Kawasan Strategis Kabupaten Subang

“…2021). Kurangnya pengolahan kotoran tinja, disebabkan oleh urbanisasi yang cepat dan pertumbuhan penduduk (Zewde et al, 2021). Gambar 1.…”

Fecal Sludge Recycling to Useful Products: Environmental Concerns, Viability and Potential

“…Globally, 2.7-3.4 billion people in poor communities (especially Southeast Asia) relied on pit latrines or unsewered sanitation systems which causes the most pollution among all toilet systems as pathogens may percolate into the groundwater (Hafford et al, 2019;Harper et al, 2018Harper et al, , 2020Odey et al, 2019). Sklar et al (2019) and Zewde et al (2021) estimated a rise in sewered systems, septic tank or pit latrines use to 4.9-5 billion people by 2030. Foremost types of sanitary latrines used in China are the double urn funnel-pan latrines, biogasproducing latrines, and the three-compartment tank latrines (Wei et al, 2009).…”

“…They are ozonation, lactic acid fermentation, UV irradiation, sand drying, chlorination, lime stabilization, co-composting, anaerobic digestion, use of wood ash, biocides, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, performic acid and NH 3 , which are characterized under traditional and innovative techniques (Loiko et al, 2023). Advantage of lime addition (known to alter pH levels in the waste) kills deadly pathogens by acting as a biocide, but in turn reduces total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations and soluble phosphate, making the sludge low quality for use as biofertilizer (Lindberg & Rost, 2018;Zewde et al, 2021). Ammonia does the same but is lost due to ventilation, which explains the reason why NH 3 is high in pits without flush water and less in pour flash latrines with flush water.…”