IICover: surface morphology of a GaN high electron mobility transistor structure grown on a native GaN substrate. The image was obtained with an atomic force microscope.
AbstractWide bandgap group-III nitride semiconductors like GaN, AlN, and their alloys are very suitable for the use in high-power, high-frequency electronics, as a result of their superior intrinsic properties. The polarization-induced high-density and high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) forming in (0001) oriented AlGaN/GaN heterostructures enable the epitaxial structure to be utilized for high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Outstanding power handling and record high frequency have been demonstrated from GaN-based HEMT devices over time. However, the shortterm stability and the long-term reliability of the device performances remain problematic. In order to make GaN HEMT technology truly take off and breach the civilian market like automotive, telecommunication applications, the problems need to be solved to justify its relatively high cost over the solutions based on Si and GaAs technologies.At the material level, there are two major challenges; one is the reduction of highdensity structural defects in heteroepitaxially grown layers when foreign substrates are used, and the other is the control of "deep" electron traps forming in the middle of the "wide" bandgap by intrinsic defects or extrinsic impurities.The main idea of the present work was therefore to tackle these material issues directly, using an approach called bottom-to-top optimization to improve the overall quality of GaN-based HEMT epitaxial structures grown on semi-insulating (SI) SiC and native GaN substrates. The bottom-to-top optimization means an entire growth process optimization, from in-situ substrate pretreatment to the epitaxial growth and then the cooling process. Great effort was put to gain the understanding of the influence of growth parameters on material properties and consequently to establish an advanced and reproducible growth process. Many state-of-the-art material properties of GaNbased HEMT structures were achieved in this work, including superior structural integrity of AlN nucleation layers for ultra-low thermal boundary resistance, excellent control of residual impurities, outstanding and nearly-perfect crystalline quality of GaN epilayers grown on SiC and native GaN substrates, respectively, and record-high room temperature 2DEG mobility obtained in simple AlGaN/GaN heterostructures.The epitaxial growth of the wide bandgap III-nitride epilayers like GaN, AlN, AlGaN, and InAlN, as well as various GaN-based HEMT structures was all carried out in a hot-wall metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. A variety of structural and electrical characterizations were routinely used to provide fast feedback VI for adjusting growth parameters and developing improved growth processes, such as optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), capacitance-voltage measurement (CV) as well as sheet resistance...