Quantum dots (QDs) have been developed for sensing applications, such as biosensing and bioimaging, owing to their excellent fluorescence properties and advantages over traditional organic dyes, such as high stability, facile surface modification for target analytes, and size-controlled optoelectronic properties ( Fig. 1) concentration over the range of 2 to 4000 nM, with a detection limit of 1 nM. Moreover, the system was resistant to interference from a number of co-existing metal ions, promising development for the detection of Hg 2+ in environmental samples. The utilization of fluorescence resonance energy transfer is attractive in QD-based fluorescence sensing, where the QDs act as the donor chromophore. Hagihara et al. reported a separationfree ligase detection reaction assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a donor quantum dot to an acceptor fluorescent dye.5 This assay could successfully detect one cancer mutation among 10 wild-type templates. The mutation-discrimination threshold was improved by one order of magnitude by replacing the original acceptor dye (Alexa Fluor 647) with another fluorescent dye (Cyanine 5). Pillai et al. investigated the steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence quenching of streptavidin modified CdSe/ZnS QDs instigated by biotin-peptide-BHQ-1 (biotin-pep-BHQ-1) molecule. 6 They found that the self-assembled QDs-(pep-BHQ)n conjugates could detect matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) produced by cancer cells at a detection limit of 1 ng/mL. QDs have also been recognized as being a promising fluorescent probe for bioimaging.7 Ogihara et al. investigated the transduction function of a cationic dextran hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (TMADM-03) for transducing quantum dots (QDs) into adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). 8 The fluorescence intensity of ASCs labeled with QDs using TMADM-03 was much higher than that of QDs-only labeling.In cadmium-based QDs, released cadmium ions become problematic because of their cellular toxicity. More recently, cadmium-free quantum dots were introduced, such as carbon dots, graphene QDs, silicon QDs, and gold nanoclusters, in an effort to produce more biocompatible QDs.
9,10Oskoei et al. reported on the selective determination of trinitrotoluene (TNT) based on energy transfer between carbon dots and gold nanoparticles.
11Compared to previous methods, this method has advantages of relatively high sensitivity, low cost, easier operation and requires a short analysis time. Gong et al. also developed an energy transfer-based biosensor using nitrogendoped carbon dots and gold nanoparticles for the highly sensitive detection of organophosphorus pesticides.12 Glutathione is an important antioxidant in body fluids and tissues, which inhibit damage to essential cellular constituents caused by reactive oxygen species. Sivasankaran et al. reported on the fluorescence determination of glutathione using tissue paper-derived carbon dots as fluorophores with a detection limit of 1.74 ...