Improving fuel characteristics through torrefaction

Brojolall, Neeha; Surroop, Dinesh

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123359

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Previous research showed structural variation in biomass components influenced by temperature, atmosphere, and duration during torrefaction. Oxidative torrefaction [ 14 , 21 ] promotes the reaction rate of torrefaction, resulting in depolymerization and degradation of macromolecules in biomass, shortening the torrefaction duration, which could achieve a circular economy using flue gas as the oxidative torrefaction medium [ 22 ]. Torrefaction temperature [ 23 , 24 ] is a vital factor of torrefaction severity, stronger than duration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Evolution of Carbon Structure during Torrefaction in Woody Biomass on Thermal Degradation

Liu

Lang

Lu³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Torrefaction is an effective method for upgrading biomass. Cedar torrefaction is carried out in a fixed bed reactor at the temperature of 200–300 °C. The structural parameters are obtained from elemental analysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thermal degradation behavior of raw and torrefied cedar is monitored by thermogravimetry analysis. The results show that carbon structure varied during torrefaction has a significant effect on thermal degradation of cedar. Some unstable oxygen functional groups, such as C1 of hemicellulose, β-O-4 linked bonds, and amorphous C6 of cellulose, are decomposed at mild torrefaction of torrefied temperature ≤ 200 °C. The temperature of maximum weight loss rate increases from 348 °C of raw cedar to 373 °C of C-200. The amorphous cellulose is partly re-crystallized at moderate torrefaction of torrefied temperature 200–250 °C. The aromaticity of torrefied cedar increases from 0.45 of C-200 to 0.73 of C-250. The covalent bond in the side chain of aromatic rings in cedar was further broken during torrefaction at severe torrefaction of torrefied temperature 250–300 °C. The area percentage of DTG mainly signed at 387 °C of C-300. The proton aromatic carbon increases from 12.35% of C-250 to 21.69% of C-300. These results will further facilitate the utilization of biomass for replacing fossil fuel to drive carbon neutrality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Evolution of Carbon Structure during Torrefaction in Woody Biomass on Thermal Degradation

Liu

Lang

Lu³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…A number of thermochemical pre-treatment techniques exist to overcome these limitations and convert raw biomass into denser energy fuels with improved properties (Zhang and Zhang, 2019). Torrefaction, a slow heating process of lignocellulosic biomass at lower temperatures (200°C-300°C) under inert atmosphere, has been presented as a promising technology to upgrade biomass to solid fuel with lower O/C ratio (Brojolall and Surroop, 2022;Prins et al, 2006). Torrefaction reduces the moisture content and lowers organic volatile matters and oxygen contents within the biomass resulting in the increase of carbon content and energy density of the biomass with improved grind ability and hydrophobicity (Agar et al, 2012;Ibrahim et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Oil Palm Fronds Torrefaction Under Flue Gas and Nitrogen Atmospheres

KOMIYAMA¹

2022

JOPR

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Oil palm fronds' (OPF) leaves and stems were torrefied under flue gas (produced by flameless burning of wood pellets) and under inert gas (N 2 ) atmospheres using a fixed-bed vertical tubular reactor. The flue gas consisted of N 2 (73.7-80.2 vol%), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (12.6-16.5 vol%), oxygen (O 2 ) (3.7-4.6 vol%), carbon monoxide (CO) (3.7-6.0 vol%) and trace amounts of hydrogen (H 2 ) (up to 1.15 vol%). Detailed analyses of feed and torrefied products by proximate and ultimate analyses, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy indicated that in the temperature range between 200°C and 300°C, flue gas torrefaction showed enhanced oxygen removal compared to inert gas torrefaction from both feeds, resulting in solid biomass with lower oxygen content and higher energy density. The enhanced oxygen removal under flue gas atmosphere in this temperature range was prominent for hemicellulose/cellulose components and not for lignin. The effect was attributed to O 2 present in the flue gas, accelerating the decomposition of oxygen-bearing functional groups of hemicellulose/cellulose into water, CO 2 and CO. Flue gas atmosphere did not affect the volatilisation of biomass in the form of larger organic compounds such as acetic acid, furfural and phenol within the temperature range examined here.

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A Review of the Technological Aspects and Process Optimization of Bioethanol Production From Corn Stover Biomass: Pretreatment Process, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Purification Process, and Future Perspective

Fansuri,

Purwandari,

Putra

et al. 2024

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Bioethanol, a sustainable energy solution derived from renewable biomass, has gained prominence, with corn stover emerging as a substantial biomass resource in Indonesia. Corn stover, a corn residue, is one of the top three agricultural wastes worldwide and is abundantly available. However, a significant portion of corn stover is burned in fields rather than utilized for bioethanol production, whereas it has potential as a bioethanol feedstock. As the world strives to realize sustainable and environmentally friendly energy security, bioethanol production from corn stover can be one of the solutions to be developed. Nonetheless, the current immaturity of bioethanol production technology is one of the causes of large‐scale production failure. The present paper comprehensively reviews the technological aspects and process optimization of bioethanol production using corn stover as a feedstock comprising pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and bioethanol purification processes. According to our critical review, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment is the most effective conventional pretreatment, with glucose yield up to 90%. Moreover, ultrasound appears to be the most viable option for nonconventional pretreatment of corn stover for producing bioethanol. However, combining ultrasound pretreatment and dilute aqueous ammonia produced 80.6% sugar output. Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysis emerges as the most effective saccharification, yielding up to 81.39%. Moreover, the fermentation process of corn stover with the saccharification and co‐fermentation (SScF) method and the process optimization with response surface methodology (RSM) could produce bioethanol with a concentration of up to 59.8 g/L and 92.07% ethanol yield, respectively. This review also reveals that pervaporation for the purification process is the best choice for producing bioethanol with high purity up to > 99%. In addition, this method could reduce the energy used by 6.6% lower, 24.2% lower carbon footprint, and have the lowest total capital and production costs compared to conventional molecular sieves and extractive distillation. We believe this review article can provide a reference for selecting the best bioethanol production process from corn stover for further research.

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Improving fuel characteristics through torrefaction

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Evolution of Carbon Structure during Torrefaction in Woody Biomass on Thermal Degradation

Effect of Evolution of Carbon Structure during Torrefaction in Woody Biomass on Thermal Degradation

A Comparative Study of Oil Palm Fronds Torrefaction Under Flue Gas and Nitrogen Atmospheres

A Review of the Technological Aspects and Process Optimization of Bioethanol Production From Corn Stover Biomass: Pretreatment Process, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Purification Process, and Future Perspective

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