Improving human health through understanding the complex structure of glucose polymers

Gilbert, Robert G.; Wu, Alex; Sullivan, Mitchell A.; Sumarriva, Gonzalo; Ersch, Natascha; Hasjim, Jovin

doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7129-1

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Despite these limitations, SEC can still provide qualitative and semiquantitative comparisons of size distributions, when the samples are analyzed under the same conditions, when the effect of shear scission should be the same for each sample. While characterization by field‐flow fractionation should be largely free of artefacts from shear scission, at present there are unsolved technical problems using this on undegraded starch .…”

Section: Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought-proofing barley (Hordeum vulgare) and its impact on grain quality: A review

2015

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Barley starch research is currently focused on the biosynthesis (enzymatic pathways), structure and the properties of barley grown under optimal conditions. With only limited information available on the effects of abiotic stress (drought) on starch structure, the need arises to determine the effects of genetic expression, inferring drought tolerance and its impact on starch biosynthesis and structure under terminal drought stress. Using size-exclusion chromatography for the first time can bring an understanding of how starch molecular structure is influenced by drought tolerance trait expression; this has the potential to improve our current knowledge of starch biosynthesis, structure and properties. This understanding may aid plant breeders in producing varieties that are drought-tolerant whilst maintaining the desired starch quality characteristics required by industry. In this review, starch hierarchical structure and molecular structural characterization methods are summarized. This is followed by an overview of our current knowledge of abiotic stress, stress tolerance and its impact on grain quality.

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Section: Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought-proofing barley (Hordeum vulgare) and its impact on grain quality: A review

2015

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“…This subject has recently been extensively reviewed [59][60][61] so is only briefly discussed here. SEC separates by molecular size: the hydrodynamic volume V h or the corresponding radius R h .…”

Section: Size-exclusion Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties

Wang

Henry

Gilbert

2014

Springer Science Reviews

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Starch, an important carbohydrate with widespread applications in human foods, animal feeds, and many industrial products, is synthesized by plants by the action of a complex system involving many enzymes. The differing activities of these enzymes contribute to variations in starch structure among different plant species, botanical organs, and genetic backgrounds, and thus affect the physicochemical properties and end-use functions of starch. The demand for starches with particular functional properties is increasing, but the ability to produce novel starches is still limited. Starches with specific properties can potentially be produced by biotechnical modification of the starch biosynthetic pathway; however, this requires further understanding of the starch biosynthesis-structureproperties relationships. This review summarizes the state of the art in the understanding of these causal relationships: the roles of the main starch-synthesizing enzymes on starch structure, hierarchical structure of starch, advanced molecular structure characterization methods, and impact of starch structure on some functional properties. A better understanding of these relationships among starch biosynthesis, structure, and properties provides direction for genetic modification and targeted breeding programs to produce starch with desired characteristics.

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“…30 The labeling efficiency for substrates with APTS has been shown quantitatively up to the degree of polymerization of approximately 135. [31][32][33] Based on the obtained CLD, the degree of branching (% α-(1 → 6) linkages) can be calculated as DB = 1/number average of N de (X), where N de (X) is the number distribution of chains with DP X. 27 However, the PAD signal intensity is mass-dependent, making it less accurate than FACE.…”

Section: Characterization Techniques For Glycogen Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is liver glycogen fragility a possible drug target for diabetes?

Cheng

2019

The FASEB Journal

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Liver glycogen α particles are molecularly fragile in diabetic mice, and readily form smaller β particles, which degrade more rapidly to glucose. This effect is well associated with the loss of blood-glucose homeostasis in diabetes. The biological mechanism of such fragility is still unknown; therefore, there are perceived opportunities that could eventually lead to new means to manage type 2 diabetes. The hierarchical structures of glycogen particles are controlled by the underlying biosynthesis/degradation process that involves various enzymes, including, for example, glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE). Recent studies have shown that fragile glycogen α particles in diabetic mice have longer chains and a higher molecular density compared to wild-type mice, indicating an enhanced enzymatic activity ratio of GS to GBE in diabetes. Furthermore, it has been shown that with an improved blood glucose homeostasis, the glycogen fragility in diabetic mice can be restored by treatment with active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine, yet the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understandings glycogen fragility from the perspectives of glycogen biosynthesis/degradation, glycogen hierarchical structures, and its relation to diabetes. Importantly, we for the first time set GS/GBE activity ratio as the therapeutic target for diabetes. K E Y W O R D Schain-length distribution, glycogen biosynthesis, glycogen degradation, particle size distribution 4 | LI and HU ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank Prof. Robert G. Gilbert (The University of Queensland) for his mentor guidance and intelligent work in the research field of studying molecular structure of glycogen. We would also like to thank the financial support from

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Improving human health through understanding the complex structure of glucose polymers

Cited by 42 publications

References 85 publications

Drought-proofing barley (Hordeum vulgare) and its impact on grain quality: A review

Drought-proofing barley (Hordeum vulgare) and its impact on grain quality: A review

Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties

Is liver glycogen fragility a possible drug target for diabetes?

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