Improving IQ measurement in intellectual disabilities using true deviation from population norms

Sansone, Stephanie M.; Schneider, Andrea; Bickel, Erika S.; Berry‐Kravis, Elizabeth; Prescott, Christina; Hessl, David

doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-16

Cited by 120 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, Fragile X researchers have accounted for floor effects in some common intelligence tests by developing alternative deviation scoring systems (Hessl et al, 2009; Sansone et al, 2014), though this approach has not yet been applied to pre-school testing. In the context of research studies, a predicted score might be used (Whitaker & Gordon, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent validity of the differential ability scales, second edition with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders

Farmer¹,

Golden²,

Thurm³

2015

Child Neuropsychology

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Estimates of intelligence in young children with neurodevelopmental disorders are critical for making diagnoses, in characterizing symptoms of disorders, and in predicting future outcomes. The limitations of standardized testing for children with developmental delay or cognitive impairment are well-known: tests do not exist that provide developmentally appropriate material along with norms that extend to the lower reaches of ability. Two commonly used and interchanged instruments are the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), a test of developmental level, and the Differential Ability Scales, 2nd Edition (DAS-II), a more traditional cognitive test. We evaluated the correspondence of contemporaneous MSEL and the DAS-II scores in a mixed sample of children aged 2 to 10 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), non-ASD developmental delays, and typically developing children across the full spectrum of cognitive ability. Consistent with published data on the original DAS and the MSEL, scores on the DAS-II and MSEL were highly correlated. However, curve estimation revealed large mean differences that varied as a function of the child’s cognitive ability level. We conclude that interchanging MSEL and DAS-II scores without regard to the discrepancy in scores may produce misleading results in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of children with and without ASD, thus, this practice should be implemented with caution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent validity of the differential ability scales, second edition with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders

Farmer¹,

Golden²,

Thurm³

2015

Child Neuropsychology

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“…Thus, it is important to consider factors beyond ASD when investigating the mechanisms underlying repetitive behaviours in FXS. For example, cognitive delays Sansone et al, 2014) and anxiety (Cordiero et al 2011;Talisa et al 2014) may be important risk factors for the development of at least some types of repetitive behaviours (Miguel et al 1997;Gabriels et al 2005). In the case of FXS, therefore, it is possible that high rates of repetitive behaviours covary with lower levels of cognitive functioning as well as with higher levels of anxiety and are orthogonal to the social-affective impairments at the core of an ASD diagnosis.…”

Section: Factors Relating To Repetitive Behavioursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterising repetitive behaviours in young boys with fragile X syndrome

Oakes

Thurman

McDuffie

et al. 2015

J intellect Disabil Res

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Background Repetitive behaviours are frequently observed in individuals with intellectual disability. The present study examined the profile, inter-correlations, and predictive correlates of repetitive behaviours in males with FXS, the leading inherited cause of intellectual disability. Specific child characteristics examined as predictors included: anxiety, nonverbal cognition, and autism social-affective symptomatology. Method Participants were 39 boys with FXS (aged 6–10 years). Repetitive behaviours were measured using the Repetitive Behavior Scale – Revised (RBS-R) – a 43-item caregiver-report measure normed on individuals with intellectual disability. Results Restricted Interests and Sensory Motor behaviours were reported as most problematic for this sample of boys, whereas Self-injurious behaviours were less problematic. All subscales of the RBS-R were significantly inter-correlated. Nonverbal IQ was negatively related, whereas anxiety and social affective symptoms of ASD were positively related, to scores for Restricted Interests. Anxiety was also positively related to scores for Compulsive behaviours and Ritualistic Sameness behaviours. Conclusions This study provides a preliminary description of repetitive behaviours in males with FXS, which may form the groundwork for future research.

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“…Participants' cognitive functioning was assessed using the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales-Fifth Edition (SB-5) [33]. Given that the majority of the participants obtained a full-scale IQ score at or close to the floor score (40) of the test (males: 45% with a score of 40 and 81% ≤50; females: 13% with a score of 40 and 39% ≤50), deviation scores were calculated and used in all the statistical models for verbal and nonverbal IQ using the technique proposed by Sansone and colleagues [34]. Participants' caregivers also completed the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) [35], Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) [36], Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition (SRS-2) [37], and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition (Vineland-3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delineating Repetitive Behavior Profiles across the Lifespan in Fragile X Syndrome

et al. 2020

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Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core area of impairment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but also affect several other neurodevelopmental disorders including fragile X syndrome (FXS). Current literature has begun to describe the RRB profile in FXS up through adolescence; however, little is known about the subtypes of RRBs in adolescents and adults. Further, literature on the RRB profile of females with FXS is limited. The present study examines the RRB profile across subtypes and specific items in both males and females with FXS while assessing for differences based on age, ASD diagnosis and the impact of IQ. Participants included 154 individuals with FXS (ages 2 to 50 years old). Results revealed a peak in RRB severity in FXS between 7–12 years for the majority of RRB subscales with the exception of Sensory-Motor behaviors peaking between 2 and 12 years before declining. Distinct RRB profiles in males and females with FXS emerged in addition to significant overlap among the item and subscale levels of RRBs across gender. Further, an added diagnosis of ASD significantly increased rates of RRBs across all subscale levels, but not necessarily across all items. Lastly, IQ did not solely account for the presence of RRBs in FXS, with Sensory-Motor behaviors being driven by comorbid ASD in males with FXS, and Restricted Interest behaviors being driven by comorbid ASD regardless of gender. These findings build on the current understanding of RRBs in FXS based on gender and comorbid ASD and lay important groundwork for the development of targeted behavioral and pharmacological treatments.

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Improving IQ measurement in intellectual disabilities using true deviation from population norms

Cited by 120 publications

References 27 publications

Concurrent validity of the differential ability scales, second edition with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders

Concurrent validity of the differential ability scales, second edition with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders

Characterising repetitive behaviours in young boys with fragile X syndrome

Delineating Repetitive Behavior Profiles across the Lifespan in Fragile X Syndrome

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