Abstract:Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of animal fat, vegetable oil, or waste cooking oil with alcohol. After production costs, the economic viability of biodiesel is dependent on what steps are necessary to remove impurities following synthesis and the effectiveness of quality control analysis. Solid-phase extraction offers a potentially advantageous approach in biodiesel processing applications. Nanoporous scaffolds were investigated for adsorption of glycerol, a side product of biodiesel synthesis tha… Show more
“…If the measured surface area and pore volume are corrected to account for only the sorbent mass component of the material, the surface area for the sorbent is 339 m 2 /g with pore volume 1.3 cm 3 /g. For comparison, when this sorbent was synthesized as a monolith in a closed reactor, nitrogen porosimetry indicated a BET surface area of 1143 m 2 /g with pore volume 1.01 m 2 /g and pore diameter 76 Å 26 . A type IV-like isotherm was observed for this material with significant hysteresis ( Figure 3 ).…”
Section: Representative Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 3: Morphological characterization of unsupported sorbent. Shown here are representative nitrogen sorption isotherms ( A ) and pore size distributions ( B ) for the sorbent when synthesized as a monolith (black) and when synthesized as a thick film (red) 26 . Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.…”
A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material that can be subsequently treated by dip coating. Dip coating with a sol preparation provides a supported porous layer on the fabric. In this case, the porous layer is a porphyrin functionalized sorbent system based on a powdered material that has been demonstrated previously for the capture and conversion of phosgene. A representative coating is applied to cotton fabric at a loading level of 10 mg/g. This coating has minimal impact on water vapor transport through the fabric (93% of the support fabric rate) while significantly reducing transport of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) through the material (7% of support fabric rate). The described approaches are suitable for use with other fabrics providing amine and hydroxyl groups for modification and can be used in combination with other sol preparations to produce varying functionality.
“…If the measured surface area and pore volume are corrected to account for only the sorbent mass component of the material, the surface area for the sorbent is 339 m 2 /g with pore volume 1.3 cm 3 /g. For comparison, when this sorbent was synthesized as a monolith in a closed reactor, nitrogen porosimetry indicated a BET surface area of 1143 m 2 /g with pore volume 1.01 m 2 /g and pore diameter 76 Å 26 . A type IV-like isotherm was observed for this material with significant hysteresis ( Figure 3 ).…”
Section: Representative Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 3: Morphological characterization of unsupported sorbent. Shown here are representative nitrogen sorption isotherms ( A ) and pore size distributions ( B ) for the sorbent when synthesized as a monolith (black) and when synthesized as a thick film (red) 26 . Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.…”
A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material that can be subsequently treated by dip coating. Dip coating with a sol preparation provides a supported porous layer on the fabric. In this case, the porous layer is a porphyrin functionalized sorbent system based on a powdered material that has been demonstrated previously for the capture and conversion of phosgene. A representative coating is applied to cotton fabric at a loading level of 10 mg/g. This coating has minimal impact on water vapor transport through the fabric (93% of the support fabric rate) while significantly reducing transport of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) through the material (7% of support fabric rate). The described approaches are suitable for use with other fabrics providing amine and hydroxyl groups for modification and can be used in combination with other sol preparations to produce varying functionality.
“…In light of these considerations, biofuels emerge as a viable alternative, with biodiesel standing out as the most widely consumed biofuel globally [67]. A predominant methodology for biodiesel production involves the transesterification of used cooking oil, wherein the oil undergoes a chemical reaction with methanol [68]. While homogeneous alkaline catalysts like KOH or carbonates are frequently employed, their limited recoverability prompts a quest for heterogeneous catalysts [69].…”
This review paper delves into the diverse ways in which carbonaceous resources, sourced from renewable and sustainable origins, can be used in catalytic processes. Renewable carbonaceous materials that come from biomass-derived and waste feedstocks are key to developing more sustainable processes by replacing traditional carbon-based materials. By examining the potential of these renewable carbonaceous materials, this review aims to shed light on their significance in fostering environmentally conscious and sustainable practices within the realm of catalysis. The more important applications identified are biofuel production, tar removal, chemical production, photocatalytic systems, microbial fuel cell electrodes, and oxidation applications. Regarding biofuel production, biochar-supported catalysts have proved to be able to achieve biodiesel production with yields exceeding 70%. Furthermore, hydrochars and activated carbons derived from diverse biomass sources have demonstrated significant tar removal efficiency. For instance, rice husk char exhibited an increased BET surface area from 2.2 m2/g to 141 m2/g after pyrolysis at 600 °C, showcasing its effectiveness in adsorbing phenol and light aromatic hydrocarbons. Concerning chemical production and the oxidation of alcohols, the influence of biochar quantity and pre-calcination temperature on catalytic performance has been proven, achieving selectivity toward benzaldehyde exceeding 70%.
“…Recently, several alternative separation processes and purification procedures with waterless have been developed, such as electrocoagulation or electrostatic separation. Electrocoagulation (EC) technologies are considered reliable and effective process for phase separation in compared with membrane technology which is slow and using expensive chemical reagents or solid absorbents [13]. EC is widely used in various applications such as separation of multi-components, separation of emulsion solvents and treatment wastewater.…”
This work is focused on the preliminary development of purification process using electrocoagulation technique for biodiesel produced via homogeneous catalyzed transesterification process of refined palm oil (RPO) to shorten the separation process and reduce the water consumption during the final purification with water-washing process. Biodiesel as Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were produced via transesterification reaction of RPO as feedstock with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide derivative-catalyst at the optimal condition using conventional heating. Electrocoagulation separation process was in-house designed to investigate the effects of electrode configurations such as shapes, distances between electrodes and suitable applied AC high voltages (ranging from 1 to 9 kV) on the separation efficiency of glycerol and biodiesel. Results revealed that with the electrocoagulation process at room temperature using AC electrical current at high voltage of 3 kV (and low amperage) with a point to point electrode configuration and the vertical-distance between electrodes of 3 cm was very efficient and achieved higher free glycerol removal than using the conventional separation of the gravitational settling. Furthermore, the separation time was significantly shortened from typically > 24 h with the gravitational settling to 240 s (4 min) and the number of water-washing was reduced from 5 to 3 times during the final purification process. The final purity of biodiesel was 98.89%±0.25% with high quality according to standards of EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.
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