In Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis With Cardio-Respiratory Compromise, Elevated Interleukin 1 , Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist, and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Levels Are Markers of Poor Prognosis

Griffiths, Michael J.; Ooi, Mong How; Wong, See Chang; Mohan, Anand; Podin, Yuwana; Perera, David; Chieng, Chae Hee; Tio, Phaik Hooi; Cardosa, Mary Jane; Solomon, Tom

doi:10.1093/infdis/jis446

Cited by 69 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…IL-1β, IL-1Rα, and G-CSF were recently reported by Griffiths et al as prognostic markers for EV71-infected hospitalized Malaysian children [18]. They tested IL-8 as well but did not find any significant changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…It has been proven that massive proinflammatory cytokines play critical roles in the pathogenicity of EV71 infection [13][14][15][16]. It has been reported that interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, interferon gamma (IFN), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) were elevated significantly in EV71-infected patients [14,[16][17][18]. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), an important treatment for patients with BE and EV71-infected patients that contains natural antibodies against cytokines, was found to reduce levels of IL-6 and IL-8 at early stages of EV71 infection, and to possibly prevent disease progression to PE [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interleukin-8 is elevated in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease

Wen

Yang

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a potentially fatal illness in children. Epidemics of HFMD are seen every year globally and present an increasing threat to public health worldwide. Methodology: To identify potential severity markers for severe HFMD, laboratory findings and levels of eight serum cytokines in 143 EV71-infected patients in Beijing You'an Hospital were analyzed. Patients were grouped by disease severity: Mild (no severe complications) (n = 59), isolated isolated brainstem encephalitis (BE) (n = 47), isolated pulmonary edema (PE) (n = 12), and BE+PE (n = 25). Results: IL-8 levels peaked at day one after admission and were found to be correlated to disease severity, maximal body temperature, and length of hospital stay. Among all tested cytokines, IL-8 was correlated to only IL-6 (p = 0.010). IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in most patients (98.6% and 70.6%), but not correlated to disease severity (both p > 0.05). IFN was only negatively correlated to mild cases (p = 0.025). Conclusions: IL-8 was correlated to disease severity of HFMD. IL-6 and IL-10, although elevated in most HFMD patients, were not correlated to disease severity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin-8 is elevated in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease

Wen

Yang

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…Scheld and colleagues showed elevated IL-1ra levels in the meningoencephalitis group [14]. Griffiths and colleagues also demonstrated that IL-1ra levels were lower in HFMD with viral encephalitis (enterovirus) as compared with HFMD without encephalitis [11]. Later data indicated that IL-1ra might have the beneficial effect of decreasing the severity of disease associated with overexpression of IL-1β [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been studied and reflects inflammation of the central nervous system [9,11]. A previous study showed that increased levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were associ-ated with seizure and febrile conditions [9,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in the Levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1ra) in Children with Status Epilepticus and Febrile Seizure

Shofiyah

Muid

Sujuti

2017

J.Trop.Life.Science

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Proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in status epilepticus and febrile seizure and associated with tissue damage. This study aimed to investigate the differences in interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 1 receptor agonist (IL1ra) levels in status epilepticus as compared with febrile seizure and febrile. This cross-sectional study was designed to include 45 subjects divided equally into three groups (status epilepticus, febrile seizure, and febrile). Both IL-1β and IL-1ra were measured by using an ELISA method. Results showed that IL-1β levels were significantly higher in the status epilepticus group as compared with the febrile seizure and febrile groups (p < 0.05). IL-1ra levels in the status epilepticus group were significantly lower compared with the febrile seizure group (p = 0.04). Consistently, the IL-1β/IL-1ra ratio in the status epilepticus group was substantially higher as compared with the febrile seizure group (p = 0.01). We concluded that IL-1β and the IL-1β/IL-1ra ratio were significantly higher in status epilepticus. IL-1ra levels were considerably greater in the febrile seizure group

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Epidemiological characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles of enterovirus encephalitis in children in Hangzhou, China

Sun

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are common causes of viral encephalitis in children. To better understand the epidemiological and pathological characteristics of EV encephalitis, we enrolled suspected encephalitis patients younger than 15 years old in Hangzhou, China, from October 2016 to September 2019 for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection and analyses. A total of 7735 CSF samples were collected, among which 330 (4.27%) were positive for the EV genome. The positivity rate was significantly higher in boys than girls (χ 2 = 5.68, p = 0.02).The monthly case numbers peaked from June to August (80.30%). Among the different age groups, the 0-2 months age group showed the highest number of cases (28.48% of all cases). The 6-7 years (10.82%) and 9-10 years (9.29%) age groups showed the highest EV-positivity rates among suspected encephalitis cases. Sixty-two EV-positive and 53 control CSF samples were collected for Bio-Plex Pro human cytokine assays that simultaneously tested 48 cytokines.Principle component analyses showed significant separation between EV-positive and control samples, but insignificant separation between children and newborns. The levels of 28 cytokines and chemokines were significantly elevated in the EV-positive group including many proinflammatory and a few anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as chemokines belonging to the CC and CXC subfamilies. Only one cytokine, stem cell growth factor-β, showed a decrease in the EV-positive group. Thus, this study revealed age, sex, and seasonal preferences for EV encephalitis incidences in children and identified many cytokines dysregulated during EV encephalitis.

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In Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis With Cardio-Respiratory Compromise, Elevated Interleukin 1 , Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist, and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Levels Are Markers of Poor Prognosis

Cited by 69 publications

References 50 publications

Interleukin-8 is elevated in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease

Interleukin-8 is elevated in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease

Differences in the Levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1ra) in Children with Status Epilepticus and Febrile Seizure

Epidemiological characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles of enterovirus encephalitis in children in Hangzhou, China

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