In situ cellular level Raman spectroscopy of the thyroid

Law, Anthony; Ahmed, Rafay; Cheung, Tsang; Mak, Chun Yu; Lau, Condon

doi:10.1364/boe.8.000670

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Accumulation of lithium ions in the follicular cell may limit the iodide influx from the blood vessel to the cell [ 24 ] and increases the sodium and potassium ion concentration [ 25 ]. This reduction of iodine due to accumulation of lithium may be related to tyrosine increase with lithium treatment [ 26 ]. This tyrosine accumulation in the thyroid likely indicates an inability to convert tyrosine into T3 and T4 hormones due to the lack of iodine, leading to thyroid dysfunction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and in situ optical detection of trace lithium in tissues

Ahmed

Yang

Law

et al. 2018

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Lithium-based medications are used successfully to treat many mental disorders, including bipolar disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the therapeutic mechanisms are not well characterized due to limitations in detecting lithium in organs and cells. This limits the ability to improve lithium-based treatments. To address this need, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is developed for the rapid and in situ detection of lithium in biological tissues. Pronounced lithium emissions are observed at 670.7nm from the rat thyroid, salivary, and mammary glands when lithium is administered orally. Calcium, carbon, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iodine emissions are also observed. The lithium emission intensity is positively correlated with tissue lithium concentration, which is ~1ppm. The limit of detection for lithium is determined to be ~0.1ppm. Thyroid lithium intensity increases while iodine intensity decreases. The reduced intrathyroidal iodine following treatment likely impairs hormone production. Further, the presence of lithium in the salivary and mammary glands makes these glands the likely conduits for lithium to enter the saliva and breast milk, respectively. LIBS is well suited for characterizing the distribution of lithium, and other elements, across the body. This optical method can potentially be adapted for use in vivo and in humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and in situ optical detection of trace lithium in tissues

Ahmed

Yang

Law

et al. 2018

Biomed. Opt. Express

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“…37 This mechanism of lithium inhibition of thyroid hormone production is illustrated in Figure 4. For reference, in our earlier work on adult rat lithium subjects, 38 lithium also elevates thyroid tyrosine levels, likely because thyroglobulin is not split into T 3 and T 4 . hormones.…”

Section: Re Sultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Lithium from breast‐milk inhibits thyroid iodine uptake and hormone production, which are remedied by maternal iodine supplementation

Ahmed

Liu

et al. 2021

Bipolar Disorders

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Background: Lithium is especially taken as a maintenance medication for Bipolar Disorder. In women with bipolar disorder, lithium is often effective during postpartum period, but breast-feeding for medicated mothers is controversial because of harmful effects for her child. At present, the biological mechanisms of lithium are not wellunderstood, affecting its usage and overall health implications.Procedure: We developed a rat lithium and breast-feeding model at human therapeutic levels to study the effects of lithium exposure through breast-milk on pups' thyroid function. Novel laser analytical spectroscopy, along with traditional blood and immunohistochemical tests, were applied to further investigate the mechanisms behind the thyroid dysfunction. Maternal iodine supplementation was evaluated as a therapeutic method to address the pups' thyroid dysfunction.Results: Pups exposed to lithium via breastmilk, even with the dam on a subtherapeutic level, experienced weight gain, reduced blood thyroxine (T 4 ), and elevated blood urea nitrogen, indicating effects on thyroid and kidney function. We show that lithium inhibited iodine uptake by thyroid follicles, initiating a mechanism that reduced

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“…The confocal Raman system used in the study was the Renishaw inVia™ Qontor ® system from the United Kingdom. [30][31][32][33] The Raman setup was first calibrated with a silicon reference (peak at 520 cm −1 ) before taking further measurements. After calibration, the blood smear samples were placed on a three-dimensional translation stage of the Raman microscope with a 50× objective from Nikon Japan.…”

Section: Confocal Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Single red blood cell analysis reveals elevated hemoglobin in poikilocytes

et al. 2020

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Abnormally shaped red blood cells (RBCs), called poikilocytes, can cause anemia. At present, the biochemical abnormalities in poikilocytes are not well understood. Normal RBCs and poikilocytes were analyzed using whole-blood and single-cell methods. Poikilocytes were induced in rat blood by intragastrically administering titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles. Complete blood count and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses were performed on whole-blood to measure average RBC morphology, blood hemoglobin (HGB), iron content, and other blood parameters. Follow-up confocal Raman spectroscopy was performed on single RBCs to analyze cell-type-specific HGB content. Two types of poikilocytes, acanthocytes and echinocytes, were observed in TiO 2 blood samples, along with normal RBCs. Acanthocytes (diameter 7.7 AE 0.5 μm) and echinocytes (7.6 AE 0.6 μm) were microscopically larger (p < 0.05) than normal RBCs (6.6 AE 0.4 μm) found in control blood samples (no TiO 2 administration). Similarly, mean corpuscular volume was higher (p < 0.05) in TiO 2 whole-blood (70.70 AE 1.97 fl) than in control whole-blood (67.42 AE 2.03 fl). Poikilocytes also had higher HGB content. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin was higher (p < 0.05) in TiO 2 whole-blood (21.84 AE 0.75 pg) than in control whole-blood (20.8 AE 0.32 pg). Iron content was higher (p < 0.001) in TiO 2 whole-blood (697.0 AE 24.5 mg∕l) than in control whole-blood (503.4 AE 38.5 mg∕l), which supports elevated HGB as iron is found in HGB. HGB-associated Raman bands at 1637, 1585, and 1372 cm −1 had higher (p < 0.001) amplitudes in acanthocytes and echinocytes than in RBCs from control blood and normal RBCs from TiO 2 blood. Further, the 1585-cm −1 band had a lower (p < 0.05) amplitude in normal RBCs from TiO 2 versus control RBCs. This represents biochemical abnormalities in normal appearing RBCs. Overall, poikilocytes, especially acanthocytes, have elevated HGB.

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In situ cellular level Raman spectroscopy of the thyroid

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Rapid and in situ optical detection of trace lithium in tissues

Rapid and in situ optical detection of trace lithium in tissues

Lithium from breast‐milk inhibits thyroid iodine uptake and hormone production, which are remedied by maternal iodine supplementation

Single red blood cell analysis reveals elevated hemoglobin in poikilocytes

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