In situ preparation of K2CO3 supported Kraft lignin activated carbon as solid base catalyst for biodiesel production

Li, Xianfa; Zuo, Yi; Zhang, Ying; Fu, Yao; Guo, Qi

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.008

Cited by 97 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The reason for the occurrence of this band can be assigned to the O-H stretching mode of the hexagonal groups and adsorbed water. Additionally, the presence of strong hydrogen bonds is indicated by the activated carbon because the boiling point of K is 780°C [45]. However, 600°C was the highest temperature used during the activation process in this study.…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 86%

Adsorption capability of activated carbon synthesized from coconut shell

Islam¹,

Ang²,

Gharehkhani³

et al. 2016

Carbon letters

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Activated carbon was synthesized from coconut shells. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area of the synthesized activated carbon was found to be 1640 m 2 /g with a pore volume of 1.032 cm 3 /g. The average pore diameter of the activated carbon was found to be 2.52 nm. By applying the size-strain plot method to the X-ray diffraction data, the crystallite size and the crystal strain was determined to be 42.46 nm and 0.000489897, respectively, which indicate a perfect crystallite structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy image showed the presence of well-developed pores on the surface of the activated carbon. The presence of important functional groups was shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum. The adsorption of methyl orange onto the activated carbon reached 100% after 12 min. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption of methyl orange solution by the activated carbon followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism (R 2 > 0.995). Therefore, the results show that the produced activated carbon can be used as a proper adsorbent for dye containing effluents.

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Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 86%

Adsorption capability of activated carbon synthesized from coconut shell

Islam¹,

Ang²,

Gharehkhani³

et al. 2016

Carbon letters

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“…24 and 43.43 which are ascribed to the typical amorphous carbon with polycyclic aromatic sheets. (Li et al, 2013). Figure 2 shows the SEM images of the parent AC and the solid base catalyst derived from it.…”

Section: Selection Of the Optimal Catalyst And Its Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be blended with diesel fuel or used in a pure form. The use of BD as a fuel reduces pollutant levels and probable carcinogens produced upon combustion of fossil based fuels (Encinar, Gonz alez, Pardal, & Mart ınez, 2010;Li et al, 2013;Takase et al, 2014). However, the high price of BD could be ascribed to the highly expensive raw materials used in its production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activated carbon has higher micro-porous surface and larger active sites than the other adsorbents making it a suitable catalyst support for the impregnation of base catalysts. Different catalysts, such as potassium carbonate, ferrous sulfate, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, and potassium fluoride were easily dispersed on the support surface to enhance the transesterification reaction (Baroutian, Aroua, Abdul Raman, & Sulaiman, 2010;Hindryawati, Maniam, Md, & Chong, 2014;Li et al, 2013;Noiroj et al, 2009;Wan & Hameed, 2010). The use of industrial wastes for activated carbon synthesis reduces the cost of the catalyst support, which in turns reduces the production cost of BD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of methyl esters production from non-edible oils using activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide as a solid base catalyst

Fadhil

Aziz

Altamer

2018

Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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The present investigation reports transesterification of non-edible oils, waste cooking oil (WCO) and waste fish oil (WFO) with methanol using activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a solid base catalyst. Activated carbon was prepared from polyethylene terephthalate waste and loaded with KOH by wet impregnation method to prepare KOH/AC solid base catalyst. X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize the resulting solid base catalyst. Retention method was utilized to measure the specific surface area of the activated carbon and its derived solid base catalyst, while Hammett indicator method was followed to determine the basic strength of the prepared solid base catalyst. The prepared catalyst has granular and porous structures with a high basicity and a superior catalytic performance for the transesterification reaction. Transesterification reaction variables were arranged to obtain the best biodiesel yield. The highest methyl ester yield from WCO (88.12% w/w with an ester content of 96.68% w/w) was obtained by employing 3.5 wt.% KOH/AC catalyst, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 65 C reaction temperature, the reaction time of 180 min and the stirring rate of 600 rpm, while maximum methyl ester yield from WFO (92.66% w/w with 96.98% w/w ester content) was produced with 3.0 wt.% KOH/AC catalyst, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 65 C for 150 minutes of the reaction and 600 rpm. The prepared solid base catalyst was recoverable and thermally stable giving a yield of 70 wt.% after the 5th cycle. The fuel properties of the raw oils were significantly enhanced after transesterification with methanol in the presence of KOH/AC, and were in conformity with the ASTM D 6751 limits as well. Therefore, the prepared KOH/AC composite may be considered as a promising solid base catalyst for transesterification of non-edible oils with methanol. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Chemical activation is a widely used method to obtain AC with a very large surface area and great micropore volume and is usually performed using NaOH/KOH [18][19][20][21], H 3 PO 4 [22] or ZnCl 2 [20,23]. K 2 CO 3 is an alternative to KOH with the advantage that carbonate mediated activation is less extensive, as well as being a more environmental friendly activating agent when compared to the most commonly reported chemical activating agents above mentioned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%