In vitro and computational studies of transdermal perfusion of nanoformulations containing a large molecular weight protein

Abstract

Transdermal perfusion of a large protein is reported for the first time, using a nanoemulsion of bovine serum albumin (66kDa) of 160nm prepared by a solid-in-oil (S/O) process. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed skin permeation by these formulations, with integration of the protein into the lipid bilayers. These results demonstrate the real possibility of delivering large proteins transdermally for a range of medical and cosmetic applications.

Solid‐in‐oil nanodispersions for transdermal drug delivery systems

“…Similar high encapsulation efficiencies were also reported when bovine serum albumin (66 kDa) and various molecular weights of hyaluronic acids were enclosed into the S/O nanoparticles . S/O dispersions are stable for more than three months, because of fewer opportunities of Ostwald ripening . Particles tend to aggregate after several months of storage; however, they are easily redispersed by vortex agitation or ultrasonication.…”

“…In addition, the high vapor pressure of cyclohexane permits immediate evanescence up only ophilization. Chloroform is also applicable for preparation of W/O emulsions prior to lyophilization . High pressure homogenization and an ultrasound method are also applicable for the formation of stable W/O emulsion precursors .…”

“…Consequently, they did not form nanosized dispersions. According to other reports, sucrose stearate in chloroform can be used for S/O nanodispersion .…”

“…Therefore, the S/O nanodispersions composed of smaller drug‐surfactant ratios induced higher antigen‐specific antibody responses . Encapsulation of strong polyelectrolytes facilitates particle disintegration, while other polymers such as hyaluronic acid are used to reinforce the particle stability .…”

Transdermal delivery of drugs with microneedles: Strategies and outcomes

“…These are assembled into multi-lamellar bilayers. There are at least 11 classes of fatty acids and sphingoid moieties [5,7]. These are combinations of nonhydroxy-, a-hydroxy, u-hydroxy and esterified u-hydroxy fatty acids containing dihydrosphingosines, sphingosines, phytosphingosines and 6-hydroxy-sphingosines [5,7].…”