In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Arthritic Synoviocytes of A. brachypoda Root Extracts and Its Unusual Dimeric Flavonoids

Abstract

Arrabidaea brachypoda is a plant commonly used for the treatment of kidney stones, arthritis and pain in traditional Brazilian medicine. Different in vitro and in vivo activities, ranging from antinociceptive to anti-Trypanosoma cruzi, have been reported for the dichloromethane root extract of Arrabidaea brachypoda (DCMAB) and isolated compounds. This work aimed to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in arthritic synoviocytes of the DCMAB, the hydroethanolic extract (HEAB) and three dimeric flavonoids isolated from the DCMAB. These compounds, brachydin A (1), B (2) and C (3), were isolated both by medium pressure liquid and high-speed counter current chromatography. Their quantification was performed by mass spectrometry on both DCMAB and HEAB. IL-1β activated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes were incubated with both extracts and isolated compounds to determine the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DCMAB inhibited 30% of IL-6 release at 25 µg/mL, when compared with controls while HEAB was inactive. IC50 values determined for 2 and 3 were 3-fold higher than 1. The DCMAB activity seems to be linked to higher proportions of compounds 2 and 3 in this extract. These observations could thus explain the traditional use of A. brachypoda roots in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Nanoforming Hyaluronan-Based Thermoresponsive Hydrogels: Optimized and Tunable Functionality in Osteoarthritis Management

“…Isolation and culture of Human Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes (HFLS) was performed as previously described [ 27 ]. Hip synovial membrane was collected from three male adult patients with clinical OA at the time of hip replacement surgery.…”

A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Arrabidaea

“…DCMAB achieved 30% inhibition in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 at 25 µg/mL, and HEAB was inactive; conversely, (22b) and (22c) decreased the release of IL-6 with 80% and 94% inhibitions, respectively, while (22a) did not achieve significant inhibitions at 25 and 50 µM with percentage values of 10% and 24% inhibition, respectively. The activity of DCMAB could be related to the higher amounts of (22b) and (22c), as revealed from the quantifications of the fractions: 108 and 123 mg/g, respectively [29].…”

“…In addition, an oleananetype triterpenoid, 3β-estearioxi-olean-12-eno (20), was isolated from the hydroethanolic extract of the roots [26]. The phytochemical investigation of the hydroethanolic root extract (HE) made possible the isolation of two glycosylated phenylethanoid derivatives (21a and 21b), three rare novel dimeric flavonoids, namely brachydins 1 (22a), 2 (22b), 3 (22c), and unusual glycosylated dimeric flavonoids (22d-j), which were reported for the first time in the Bignoniaceae family [11,[27][28][29]. Compounds (23a-23p) were derived from halogenation (bromination, iodination, and chlorination) reactions [12].…”

From Plant to Chemistry: Sources of Active Opioid Antinociceptive Principles for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design

“…Moreover, complete naloxone-induced antinociceptive reversion revealed opioid receptor involvement in the antinociceptive effect of the dichloromethane extract. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity in the arthritic synoviocytes of the ethanolic extract, dichloromethane extract, and three dimeric flavonoids was evaluated [115]. In this investigation, ethanolic extract's lack of effectiveness was probably because the test setup did not allow for the releasing of aglycones deriving from glucoronated forms of not only brachydins A, B, and C, but also other molecules of the extract.…”