In vitro antiplasmodial activity of callus culture extracts and fractions from fresh apical stems of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae): part 2

Cimanga, R.K.; Tona, L.; Luyindula, N.; Mesia, K.; Lusakibanza, Mariano; Musuamba, C.T.; Apers, Sandra; Bruyne, Tess De; Miert, Sabine Van; Hermans, Nina; Totté, J.; Pieters, Luc; Vlietinck, A. J.

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.014

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Geraniin also possesses antiulcer properties and is believed to be seven times more potent than aspirin or acetaminophen (Miguel et al , 1996; Santos et al , 1994). The anti-malarial activity of P. niruri in 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo, was confirmed (Tona et al , 1999; Cimanga et al , 2004; Mustofa et al , 2007). P. niruri and amarus are said to offer protection against HBV (Mehrotra et al , 1990), chemical toxins (Lee et al , 2006; Chatterjee et al , 2006; Wang, 2000), liver cancer (Rajeshkumar and Kuttan, 2000) and tumorigenesis (Rajeshkumar et al , 2002; Sripanidkulchai et al , 2002), although the latter is still controversial (Milne et al , 1994; Doshi et al , 1994; Thamlikitkul et al , 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Acute toxicity studies of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri

Asare¹,

Addo²,

Bugyei³

et al. 2011

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

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Acute toxicity studies of aqueous leaf extract ofPhyllanthus niruriPhyllanthus niruriis a plant with medicinal properties. It is often used to treat mild malaria and the elimination of renal stones. However, studies on its toxicity are scarce. The study was carried out to determine if the aqueous leaf extract ofP. niruriadministered to female Sprague-Dawley rats would illicit evidence of toxicity. Fifteen female rats weighing 150-200 g were divided into 3 groups. Rats in Group 1 were given a single low dose (LD) of 2 000 mg/kg b.w. of the extract by oral gavage within 24 hrs. Rats in Group 2 were given a single high dose (HD) of 5 000 mg/kg b.w. of the extract by oral gavage within 24 hrs. Rats in Group 3 were not given any extract but drinking water and served as the control group (C). All the rats were observed for signs of toxidromes for 14 days. On the 15thday, all the rats were sacrificed. Body organs were harvested for macroscopic examination. Urine and blood samples were drawn and analyzed. Hematological tests performed included full blood count and hemoglobin. Biochemical examinations included bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatse (ALP), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), urea, and creatinine. The results of the three groups were not significantly different. Examination of the various body organs did not show any abnormality. Thus no toxicity was observed at the levels administered. The LD50of the aqueous extract is > 5 000 mg/kg. b.w.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Acute toxicity studies of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri

Asare¹,

Addo²,

Bugyei³

et al. 2011

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

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show abstract

“…Furthermore, it is used to treat hyperglycemia (Raphael et al, 2002), hypertension (Srividya and Periwal, 1995), pain (Miguel et al, 1996), and mild malaria (Tona et al, 2001;Cimanga et al, 2004;Mustofa et al, 2007). P. niruri is said to protect against hepatitis B virus (Mehrotra et al, 1990), chemical toxins (Lee at al., 2006;Chatterjee et al, 2006), liver cancer (Rajeshkumar and Kuttan, 2000), and tumorigenesis (Rajeshkumar et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and toxicological evaluation of whole plant extracts of the medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri (Phyllanthaceae)

Asare¹,

Bugyei²,

Sittie³

et al. 2012

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Phyllanthus niruri is a medicinal plant (commonly known as stone breaker) found in the tropics and other parts of the world. It is known for its capacity to block the formation of calcium oxalate crystals and kidney stone formation in urolithiasis. This plant has been used to treat hyperglycemia, hypertension, pain, and mild cases of malaria. We examined the geno-, cyto-and overall toxicity of P. niruri whole plant ethanolic extract. The extract was administered as a single dose of 30 or 300 mg/kg to laboratory rats by gavage, accompanied by negative (0.9% saline) and positive (10 mg/mL N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) controls that were injected intramuscularly 48 h after extract administration. The ratio of polychromatic (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) from femur bone marrow was scored for genotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined using descending concentrations (0.2-0.0125 g/mL) of the extract incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Phyllanthus niruri geno-and cytotoxicity Lactate dehydrogenase release from damaged cells was determined and the CC 50 calculated. Subchronic administration of the extract at 30 or 300 mg/kg was done for 90 days to determine general toxicity. PCE:NCE (%) for the extract and negative control was 63, compared to 168 (positive control). The CC 50 was 26.3 mg/mL and hepato-renal toxicity after subchronic extract administration was nil. We conclude that ethanol extract of P. niruri is not cytotoxic or genotoxic, and is generally non-toxic on subchronic administration.

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“…The compounds, ferulaldehyde, ulsoric acid, tulsinol C, Eugenol dimers 11 and 12 isolated from the leaf methanol extract of O. sanctum showed strong leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes of Leishmania major (Suzuki et al 2009). Cimanga et al (2004) have reported that the ethanolic extracts from fresh apical stems of Phyllanthus niruri tested antiplasmodial activity indicated that the EtOH extract of a 1-month-old callus culture (IC 50 = 16.3 ± 2.5 μg/mL) exhibited a higher activity than the ethanolic extracts of the fresh apical stem (IC 50 =18.2±2.4 μg/mL) and callus cultures of 2-, 4-and 6-month-old (25 μg/mL<IC50< 40 μg/mL), respectively. The root, leaves, and stem aqueous and stem methanol extracts of Phyllanthus reticulates and the root, leaves, and stem aqueous extracts of Suregada zanzibariensis (Euphorbiaceae) showed the IC 50 value of 159.8, 10.0, 23.9, 21.5, 291.4, 1.5, and 95.5 μg/mL and 165.1, 1.7, 7.7, 52.2, 378.8, 1.5, and >412.8 μg/mL, respectively, when tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against CQ-sensitive (K67) and CQ-resistant (ENT36) strains of P. falciparum (Omulokoli et al 1997).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiplasmodial activity of botanical extracts against Plasmodium falciparum

Bagavan¹,

Rahuman²,

Kamaraj³

et al. 2010

Parasitol Res

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The absence of a vaccine and the rampant resistance to almost all antimalarial drugs have accentuated the urgent need for new antimalarial drugs and drug targets for both prophylaxis and chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to discover effective plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (peel), Leucas aspera, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus acidus (leaf), Terminalia chebula (seed) were tested for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) strain of P. falciparum which was cultured following the candle-jar method. Antimalarial evaluations of daily replacement of culture medium containing CQ and different plant crude extracts were performed on 96-well plates at 37°C for 24 and 48 h. Parasitemia was determined microscopically on thin-film Giemsa-stained preparations. Plant extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human laryngeal cancer cell line (HEp-2) and normal cell line (Vero). Out of the 25 extracts tested, six showed good (IC(50) 4.76-22.76 μg/mL), 15 exhibited moderate (IC(50) 31.42-88.03 μg/mL), while four displayed mild (IC(50) > 100 μg/mL) antiplasmodial activity. The leaf ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of L. aspera; ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of P. acidus; and seed acetone extract of T. chebula had good antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) = 7.81, 22.76, 9.37, 14.65, 12.68, and 4.76 μg/mL) with selectivity indices 5.43, 2.04, 4.88, 3.35, 3.42, and 9.97 for HEp-2 and >5.79, >2.20, >11.75, >3.41, >3.94, and >7.38 for Vero cells, respectively. These analyses have revealed for the first time that the components present in the solvent extracts of L. aspera, P. acidus, and T. chebula have antiplasmodial activity. The high antiplasmodial activity observed make these plants good candidates for isolation of anti-protozoal compounds which could serve as new lead structures for drug development.

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In vitro antiplasmodial activity of callus culture extracts and fractions from fresh apical stems of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae): part 2

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Acute toxicity studies of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri

Acute toxicity studies of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri

Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and toxicological evaluation of whole plant extracts of the medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri (Phyllanthaceae)

Antiplasmodial activity of botanical extracts against Plasmodium falciparum

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