In vitro approaches for determining mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity by asbestos in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

Mossman, Brooke T.

doi:10.1289/ehp.8353155

Cited by 53 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The chemical analyses of THS extracts from these fabrics demonstrated a significant build-up of nicotine, TSNAs, and other alkaloids. These THS extracts were not cytotoxic in the MTT cell proliferation assay (data not shown), which measures mitochondrial reductase (Mossman, 1983); however, cytotoxicity may have been greater if extraction had been done in medium containing serum, as suggested by later experiments. The more sensitive live cell imaging assay clearly demonstrated that THS inhibited cell proliferation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Thirdhand smoke: Chemical dynamics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in outdoor and indoor environments

Bahl

Shim

Jacob

et al. 2016

Toxicology in Vitro

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We tested the toxicity of thirdhand smoke (THS) using two controlled laboratory exposure scenarios and low levels of THS. One exposure modeled THS in a car parked outdoors, while the second modeled THS in a room without sunlight. The fabrics were exposed to cigarette smoke and then extracted in culture medium. Concentrations of nicotine, nicotine related alkaloids, and tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were determined in fresh and aged extracts. The concentration of TSNAs increased with aging in the indoor experiment. THS extracts were used for cytotoxicity testing using mouse neural stem cells (mNSC), human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and human palatal mesenchyme cells (hPM). Extracts from the car experiment inhibited mNSC proliferation in a live cell imaging assay and induced single strand DNA breaks in mNSC and hDF. In the indoor experiment, THS extracts made with medium containing serum proteins were significantly more toxic than extracts made with basal medium, and mNSC and hPM were more sensitive than hDF. These data indicate that: (1) aging of THS chemical differs on different fabrics and differs with and without sunlight; (2) very few cigarettes are sufficient to produce a toxic THS residue; and (3) protein enhances the efficiency of extraction of cytotoxic chemicals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Thirdhand smoke: Chemical dynamics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in outdoor and indoor environments

Bahl

Shim

Jacob

et al. 2016

Toxicology in Vitro

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“…The IC 50 values of each parameter were calculated. To determine the possible toxic effects of the extract and the terpenes on the mammalian cells, uninfected macrophages were incubated at 37°C with the compounds, and cell viability was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay (Mossman 1983). The absorbance was measured at 490 nm with a spectrophotometer (VERSAmax Tunable, Molecular Devices, USA), and the LC 50 parameter, corresponding to the concentration that leads to 50% of viability loss, was measured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Croton cajucara crude extract and isolated terpenes: activity on Trypanosoma cruzi

et al. 2010

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Croton cajucara is a plant found in the Amazon region and is known for its medicinal properties. The effects of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of C. cajucara (MCC) and of the isolated terpenes, trans-dehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN) and acetyl aleuritolic acid (AAA), were investigated using four isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi. In assays with trypomastigotes, the extract was more active than the isolated compounds, presenting IC(50) in the range of 10 to 50 μg/mL. The trypanocidal effect of MCC, AAA and benznidazole was significantly higher in the GLT291 and C45 strains, which were recently isolated from wild animals. MCC and AAA caused a dose-dependent inhibition of epimastigote proliferation. In assays using intracellular amastigotes, AAA and MCC reduced the percent of infection and the endocytic index after 96 h of treatment, at concentrations that were non-toxic to the host cells. MCC inhibited the trypanothione reductase pathway in both epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of all the subpopulations. The absence of AAA activity on the trypanothione reductase pathway in epimastigotes of Dm28c suggests heterogeneity of the biochemical profile between this clone and the three strains. Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes (GLT291) were treated for 24 h with MCC or AAA, and both induced alterations of the plasma membrane, while AAA-treated epimastigotes also displayed mitochondrial damage.

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“…The effects of THS accumulation were assessed in the MTT assay, which measures mitochondrial reductase activity and can be used to assess cell survival and health (Figure 6). 82 Toxicity was observed in extracts taken from terry cloth exposed to the equivalent of 54 cigarettes over an 8-month period. The surface loading of THS on the terry cloth was 0.7 μ g·cm −2 .…”

Section: Progress and New Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Thirdhand Smoke: New Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions

Jacob

Benowitz

Destaillats

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

202

262

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Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the contamination that persists after secondhand tobacco smoke has been emitted into air. It refers to the tobacco-related gases and particles that become embedded in materials, such as the carpet, walls, furniture, blankets, and toys. THS is not strictly smoke, but chemicals that adhere to surfaces from which they can be released back into the air, undergo chemical transformations and/or accumulate. Currently, the hazards of THS are not as well documented as the hazards of secondhand smoke (SHS). In this Perspective, we describe the distribution and chemical changes that occur as SHS is transformed into THS, studies of environmental contamination by THS, human exposure studies, toxicology studies using animal models and in vitro systems, possible approaches for avoiding exposure, remediation of THS contamination, and priorities for further research.

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In vitro approaches for determining mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity by asbestos in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

Cited by 53 publications

References 28 publications

Thirdhand smoke: Chemical dynamics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in outdoor and indoor environments

Thirdhand smoke: Chemical dynamics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in outdoor and indoor environments

Croton cajucara crude extract and isolated terpenes: activity on Trypanosoma cruzi

Thirdhand Smoke: New Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions

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