Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary
area that
can solve the limitation of conventional grafting methods by developing
viable and biocompatible bone replacements. The three essential components
of BTE, i.e., Scaffold material and Cells and Growth factors altogether,
facilitate support and guide for bone formation, differentiation of
the bone tissues, and enhancement in the cellular activities and bone
regeneration. However, there is a scarcity of the appropriate materials
that can match the mechanical property as well as functional similarity
to native tissue, considering the bone as hard tissue. In such scenarios,
nanotechnology can be leveraged upon to achieve the desired aspects
of BTE, and that is the key point of this review article. This review
article examines the significant areas of nanotechnology research
that have an impact on regeneration of bone: (a) scaffold with nanomaterials
helps to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical
stability, and attachment; (b) nanoparticle-based approaches for delivering
bioactive chemicals, growth factors, and genetic material. The article
begins with the introduction of components and healing mechanisms
of bone and the factors associated with them. The focus of this article
is on the various nanotopographies that are now being used in scaffold
formation, by describing how they are made, and how these nanotopographies
affect the immune system and potential underlying mechanisms. The
advantages of 4D bioprinting in BTE by using nanoink have also been
mentioned. Additionally, we have investigated the importance of an
in silico approach for finding the interaction between drugs and their
related receptors, which can help to formulate suitable systems for
delivery. This review emphasizes the role of nanoscale approach and
how it helps to increase the efficacy of parameters of scaffold as
well as drug delivery system for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
