In vitro blood cell viability profiling of polymers used in molecular assembly

Abstract

Biocompatible polymers have been extensively applied to molecular assembly techniques on a micro- and nanoscale to miniaturize functional devices for biomedical uses. However, cytotoxic assessments of developed devices are prone to partially focus on non-specific cells or cells associated with the specific applications. Thereby, since toxicity is dependent on the type of cells and protocols, we do not fully understand the relative toxicities of polymers. Additionally, we need to ensure the blood cell biocompatibility of developed devices prior to that of targeted cells because most of the devices contact the blood before reaching the targeted regions. Motivated by this issue, we focused on screening cytotoxicity of polymers widely used for the layer-by-layer assembly technique using human blood cells. Cytotoxicity at the early stage was investigated on twenty types of polymers (positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral) and ten combination forms via hemolysis, cell viability, and AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining assays. We determined their effects on the cell membrane depending on their surface chemistry by molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the toxicity of LbL-assembled nanofilms was assessed by measuring cell viability. Based on this report, researchers can produce nanofilms that are better suited for drug delivery and biomedical applications by reducing the possible cytotoxicity.

Influence of poly‐l‐lysine molecular weight on antibacterial efficacy in polymer multilayer films

“…HA containing hydrogels and coated surfaces are nonadhesive due to their high hydrophilicity, but incorporating PLL as the last layer has been shown to aid cells in adhering . Despite their uses in cell culture, it is well known that polycations, including PLL, can be toxic to mammalian cells at high MW and concentrations . Our results indicated that while NIH 3T3 fibroblasts incubated in media exposed to PLL 30 and PLL 90 coatings remained similarly viable to untreated controls, cells exposed to media incubated in PLL 400 coatings over 24 h lost viability (Fig.…”

“…61,93 Despite their uses in cell culture, it is well known that polycations, including PLL, can be toxic to mammalian cells at high MW 114 and concentrations. [115][116][117] Our results indicated that while NIH 3T3 fibroblasts incubated in media exposed to PLL 30 and PLL 90 coatings remained similarly viable to untreated controls, cells exposed to media incubated in PLL 400 coatings over 24 h lost viability (Fig. 8).…”

Simple Nanoparticles from the Assembly of Cationic Polymer and Antigen as Immunoadjuvants

“…On the other hand, at higher [PDDA], PDDA molecules that did not combine with BFS would attach to the cells exerting their cytotoxic activity. The hemolytic activity of PDDA was reported as important only above [PDDA] = 1 mg·mL −1 [29,33,53].…”

“…In summary, cationic micro and nanoparticles are effectively taken up both by macrophages and dendritic cells since electrostatic attraction promotes particle binding and subsequent internalization [11,14,20,24,25]. Cationic particles and liposomes containing dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) cationic lipid [13,26] carrying Mycobacterium tuberculosis [13,27], Chlamydia trachomatis [11], or Neisseria meningitides antigens enhanced the cellular and humoral immune response against them [16,28].Another important class of cationic adjuvants is represented by the cationic polymers despite their overt cytotoxicity [29][30][31][32][33]. They easily combine with oppositely charged proteins [34].…”

“…Another important class of cationic adjuvants is represented by the cationic polymers despite their overt cytotoxicity [29][30][31][32][33]. They easily combine with oppositely charged proteins [34].…”