In Vitro Cell Sensitivity to Palytoxin Correlates with High Gene Expression of the Na+/K+-ATPase β2 Subunit Isoform

Pelin, Marco; Stocco, Gabriele; Florio, Chiara; Sosa, Silvio; Tubaro, Aurelia

doi:10.3390/ijms21165833

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This finding highlights the variable inter-individual sensitivity to PLTX, already noted in mice as variable lethality after repeated oral administration [61], and suggested by epidemiological data in humans [48,[50][51][52][53]. The different inter-individual sensitivity to PLTX could be related, at least in part, to genetic factors, such as a variable inter-individual expression of Na + /K + -ATPase subunits' isoforms, as suggested by an in vitro toxicogenetic study on human monocytes [71].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice

et al. 2022

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The frequent occurrence of marine dinoflagellates producing palytoxin (PLTX) or okadaic acid (OA) raises concern for the possible co-presence of these toxins in seafood, leading to additive or synergistic adverse effects in consumers. Thus, the acute oral toxicity of PLTX and OA association was evaluated in mice: groups of eight female CD-1 mice were administered by gavage with combined doses of PLTX (30, 90 or 270 μg/kg) and OA (370 μg/kg), or with each individual toxin, recording signs up to 24 h (five mice) and 14 days (three mice). Lethal effects occurred only after PLTX (90 or 270 μg/kg) exposure, alone or combined with OA, also during the 14-day recovery. PLTX induced scratching, piloerection, abdominal swelling, muscle spasms, paralysis and dyspnea, which increased in frequency or duration when co-administered with OA. The latter induced only diarrhea. At 24 h, PLTX (90 or 270 μg/kg) and OA caused wall redness in the small intestine or pale fluid accumulation in its lumen, respectively. These effects co-occurred in mice co-exposed to PLTX (90 or 270 μg/kg) and OA, and were associated with slight ulcers and inflammation at forestomach. PLTX (270 μg/kg alone or 90 μg/kg associated with OA) also decreased the liver/body weight ratio, reducing hepatocyte glycogen (270 μg/kg, alone or combined with OA). No alterations were recorded in surviving mice after 14 days. Overall, the study suggests additive effects of PLTX and OA that should be considered for their risk assessment as seafood contaminants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice

et al. 2022

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“…It has been demonstrated that PLTX downstream effects (i.e., sustained cytotoxicity) appear to be correlated with the expression of specific subunit isoforms in the pump. In particular, the expression of the β2-and to a lesser extent the α3-isoform positively correlates with increased cell sensitivity to PLTX cytotoxicity [35]. PLTX interaction with the α-β ATPase heterodimer causes a permanent conformational change of the transmembrane pump into a non-selective monovalent cation channel [36,37].…”

Section: Palytoxins Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional and Structural Biological Methods for Palytoxin Detection

Carlin

Pelin

Ponti

et al. 2022

JMSE

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Palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues are marine polyethers identified in Palythoa and Zoanthus corals, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria. Humans can be exposed to these toxins by different routes with a series of adverse effects but the most severe risk is associated with poisonings by the consumption of edible marine organisms accumulating these toxins, as occurs in (sub)-tropical areas. In temperate areas, adverse effects ascribed to PLTXs have been recorded after inhalation of marine aerosols and/or cutaneous contact with seawater during Ostreopsis blooms, as well as during cleaning procedures of Palythoa-containing home aquaria. Besides instrumental analytical methods, in the last years a series of alternative or complementary methods based on biological/biochemical tools have been developed for the rapid and specific PLTX detection required for risk assessment. These methods are usually sensitive, cost- and time-effective, and do not require highly specialized operators. Among them, structural immunoassays and functional cell-based assays are reviewed. The availability of specific anti-PLTX antibodies allowed the development of different sensitive structural assays, suitable for its detection also in complex matrices, such as mussels. In addition, knowing the mechanism of PLTX action, a series of functional identification methods has been developed. Despite some of them being limited by matrix effects and specificity issues, biological methods for PLTX detection represent a feasible tool, suitable for rapid screening.

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