In vitro characterization and immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with native and inactivated extracellular proteins from a field strain of Clostridium perfringens associated with necrotic enteritis

A Novel Approach against Salmonella: A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Vaccines for Broilers and Layers

“…However, there are currently no killed vaccines that are delivered through the oral route to provide dual systemic and mucosal protection for poultry flocks. Recent research has adapted the use of modern nanotechnology to improve the poultry industry [ 78 , 80 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 ]. The use of a biodegradable nanoparticle that protects the vaccines antigens from the harsh pH of the GIT and that can be “programmed” to deliver the antigens to the intestinal PPs is a new step towards innovative vaccines.…”

“…In a pioneer study, the loaded CNP vaccine was characterized and results demonstrated that the loaded chitosan nanoparticles are biocompatible in chickens, have an average size of 514 nm, and are stable when exposed to a highly acidic environment, as low as pH of 2, over a long period of time [ 78 ]. Results from multiple studies show that upon thriving in the acidic pH of the GIT, the CNP vaccines adhered to the mucosal surface and were uptaken by ileal PPs and lamina propria immune cells, while the CNP without flagellin surface coating were poorly uptaken by the PPs [ 78 , 105 , 109 ]. Results identified that the oral inoculation of loaded CNP can overcome the poor antigen delivery hurdles of mucosal vaccines.…”

“…Results identified that the oral inoculation of loaded CNP can overcome the poor antigen delivery hurdles of mucosal vaccines. It is important to mention that the nanoparticle average size does vary from batch to batch across studies [ 78 , 105 , 109 ], which is a prevalent challenge that is faced when synthesizing nanoparticles [ 120 ]. This shows that the batch-to-batch variation is a factor that needs to be improved because it could potentially affect the vaccine’s antigen uptake by dendritic cells, which can lead to different outcomes in the immune response.…”

“…Several studies also analyzed the ability of the vaccine to induce a cell-mediated and recall-memory immune response by analyzing antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation in PBMCs and splenocytes [ 78 , 107 , 109 ]. Immunized birds significantly enhanced rapid proliferation of OMPs and flagellin-specific lymphocytes, indicating the activation of the adaptive immune response to the CNP vaccination.…”

Immunity and Protective Efficacy of Mannose Conjugated Chitosan-Based Influenza Nanovaccine in Maternal Antibody Positive Pigs

“…Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer, and its protonated positively charged amino groups electrostatically interact with negative charged mucus sialic acid and epithelial surfaces to become mucoadhesive vehicle (20,21). Hence, we used chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) as a mucosal vaccine delivery carrier for the poultry and swine vaccines to combat infectious diseases (22)(23)(24)(25). In protein antigens encapsulated CS NPs, treated immune cells in vitro demonstrate upregulated multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Th1 and Th2 cytokines gene expression (25).…”