In vitro electroporation detection methods – An overview

Napotnik, Tina Batista; Miklavčič, Damijan

doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.005

Cited by 148 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 290 publications

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“…According to Figure , as expected, for a constant voltage level, drug absorption decreases with pulse spacing, N . These results are in agreement with the experimental results reported in . Figure 9A shows the change of

m_{i}^{*}

with N for several voltage levels, considering N ∈ [10,236].…”

Section: Results Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

“…According to Figure , contour lines for

S_{a}^{*}

predict an expected behavior: the electroporation aggressiveness decreases when pulse spacing, N , increases for a constant voltage level. This behavior has been previously reported in, where the cell survival rate increased with the reduction of the number of pulses for a predetermined electroporation time. Figure 10A shows the behavior of

S_{a}^{*}

with N for several voltage levels, V .…”

Section: Results Analysissupporting

confidence: 82%

“…According to Figure 8, as expected, for a constant voltage level, drug absorption decreases with pulse spacing, N. These results are in agreement with the experimental results reported in. 11,43,90,95 Figure 9A shows the change of m * i with N for several voltage levels, considering N ∈ [10,236]. As can be observed, the local rate of change of mass transport with pulse spacing, dm * i =dN , decreases when N increases.…”

Section: Parametric Analysis Of Electroporation Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…10 The electroporation degree of a tissue depends on several factors, such as the characteristics of the applied electric pulse (number, size, duration, repetition rate and amplitude), type of cell, temperature, type of tissue, and orientation of the cell in the tissue, among others. 11 The effect of the electric pulse is directly related to the electric field generated in the tissue. Depending on the amount, intensity and duration of pulses, the electroporation process in tissue can be classified as reversible (temporary) or irreversible (permanent).…”

Section: Basic Electroporation Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main characteristic of electroporation is the application of high voltage, short‐duration electric pulses to increase cell membrane absorption and to improve antitumor activity of chemotherapy medications . The electroporation degree of a tissue depends on several factors, such as the characteristics of the applied electric pulse (number, size, duration, repetition rate and amplitude), type of cell, temperature, type of tissue, and orientation of the cell in the tissue, among others . The effect of the electric pulse is directly related to the electric field generated in the tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of the influence of voltage level and pulse spacing on the efficiency, aggressiveness and uniformity of the electroporation process in tissues using meshless techniques

Salazar

Arcila

Villa

2020

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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Electroporation is a widely used method consisting of application of high‐voltage, short‐duration electric pulses to increase cell membrane permeability, allowing cellular internalization of medications. In this work, the influence of two primary parameters, voltage level (V) and pulse spacing (N), on electroporation efficiency, uniformity and aggressiveness, as quantified by the total mass transport to viable cells, intracellular concentration gradients and an aggressiveness factor introduced here, is studied by means of numerical simulations of drug transport in electroporated tissues. The global method of approximate particular solutions (Global MAPS) is used to solve the governing equations, together with domain scaling, singular value decomposition and smoothing algorithms, to address the ill‐conditioning of the final system and suppress small scale oscillations. The accuracy of Global MAPS is evaluated by comparing the initial extracellular concentration, Ce, and final intracellular concentration, Ci, with previous finite volume method results, obtaining similar behavior of Ce and Ci along the tissue domain, with some differences for Ci in high‐gradient zones. According to the Global MAPS results, the influence of V and N on Ci is only significant over a certain range, within which the largest drug transport to viable cells occurs. In general, both electroporation efficiency and aggressiveness change in nonuniform manner with V and decrease with N, whereas the electroporation uniformity decreases as V increases and N decreases. The contour plots obtained here can be considered useful tools to compare electroporation‐based treatments in terms of their efficiency, aggressiveness and uniformity, assisting in the selection of a suitable treatment plan for cancer.

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m_{i}^{*}

with N for several voltage levels, considering N ∈ [10,236].…”

Section: Results Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

“…According to Figure , contour lines for

S_{a}^{*}

S_{a}^{*}

with N for several voltage levels, V .…”

Section: Results Analysissupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Parametric Analysis Of Electroporation Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Basic Electroporation Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Simulation of the influence of voltage level and pulse spacing on the efficiency, aggressiveness and uniformity of the electroporation process in tissues using meshless techniques

Salazar

Arcila

Villa

2020

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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PEDOT:PSS‐Coated Stimulation Electrodes Attenuate Irreversible Electrochemical Events and Reduce Cell Electropermeabilization

Dijk

Ruigrok

O’Connor

2021

Adv Materials Inter

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Despite decades of investigation and successful applications, the underlying mechanisms that cause the increased permeability of the cell membrane are not fully understood. The formation of aqueous pores in the cell membrane throughout application of the pulse is widely acknowledged, however, molecular dynamic simulations [10,11] do not support the long-lasting permeabilization that is found in experiments. [12,13] Chemical changes to the lipid bilayer and embedded proteins have been hypothesized as an additional mechanism that could explain such difference in timescales. [14] For example, oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) can initiate chemical reactions such as peroxidation of the membrane lipids which affect the cell membrane integrity. [15] Indeed, generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation have been shown to correlate with the intensity, duration, and number of pulses and increased generation of ROS is associated with higher electroporation efficiencies. [16][17][18][19][20] Electrically induced generation of ROS occurs within cells as well as at the electrode site. [17] At sufficiently high voltages, metallic electrodes induce Faradaic currents that are established by electrochemical reactions at the electrodeelectrolyte interface. Besides ROS, such irreversible Faradic processes might result in pH changing species, formation of gas, chloride oxidation products, and electrode dissolution. [21][22][23][24] The nature and produced species of these reactions strongly depend on the electrode material. Aluminum and stainless steel as well as metals which are generally considered inert and chemically stable, such as platinum, platinum alloys, and gold, support electrochemical reactions resulting in a change in the chemical composition of the electrolyte. [25][26][27][28] A particularly interesting material that has yet to be investigated in the context of electropermeabilization, is the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate). PEDOT:PSS has emerged as a popular material for biomedical devices due to its electrochemical properties, ease of processing, and commercial availability. [29][30][31] PEDOT:PSS-coated electrodes exhibit a large charge injection capacity due to the mixed ionic-electronic conduction which benefits neurostimulation applications. [32] Despite its proven record for biomedical applications, the electrochemistry Electroporation or electropermeabilization occurs when cells are exposed to sufficiently high-pulsed electric fields. This phenomenon is now an important technique to facilitate the transmembrane transport of molecules, however, the role of the electrode material and associated electrochemical events remain unclear. Here, it is shown that electrical stimulation with PEDOT:PSScoated electrodes strongly reduces irreversible electrochemical reactions that otherwise lead to changes in pH and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Coated electrodes exhibit a slightly higher threshold for cell stimulation, however,...

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Terahertz Spectroscopy Sheds Light on Real‐Time Exchange Kinetics Occurring through Plasma Membrane during Photodynamic Therapy Treatment

et al. 2023

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Methods to follow in real time complex processes occurring along living cell membranes such as cell permeabilization are rare. Here, the terahertz spectroscopy reveals early events in plasma membrane alteration generated during photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol, events which are not observable in any other conventional biological techniques performed in parallel as comparison. Photodynamic process is examined in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells using Pheophorbide (Pheo) photosensitizer alone or alternatively encapsulated in poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(𝝐-caprolactone) micelles for drug delivery purpose. Terahertz spectroscopy (THz) reveals that plasma membrane permeabilization starts simultaneously with illumination and is stronger when photosensitizer is encapsulated. In parallel, the exchange of biological species is assessed. Over several hours, this conventional approach demonstrates significant differences between free and encapsulated Pheo, the latter leading to high penetration of propidium iodide, Na + and Ca 2+ ions, and a high level of leakage of K + , ATP, and lactate dehydrogenase. THz spectroscopy provides, in a single measurement, the relative number of defects per membrane surface created after PDT, which is not achieved by any other method, providing early, sensitive real-time information. THz spectroscopy is therefore a promising technique and can be applied to any biological topic requiring the examination of short-term plasma membrane permeabilization.

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In vitro electroporation detection methods – An overview

Cited by 148 publications

References 290 publications

Simulation of the influence of voltage level and pulse spacing on the efficiency, aggressiveness and uniformity of the electroporation process in tissues using meshless techniques

Simulation of the influence of voltage level and pulse spacing on the efficiency, aggressiveness and uniformity of the electroporation process in tissues using meshless techniques

PEDOT:PSS‐Coated Stimulation Electrodes Attenuate Irreversible Electrochemical Events and Reduce Cell Electropermeabilization

Terahertz Spectroscopy Sheds Light on Real‐Time Exchange Kinetics Occurring through Plasma Membrane during Photodynamic Therapy Treatment

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