In vitro evaluation of bone cements impregnated with selenium nanoparticles stabilized by phosphatidylcholine (PC) for application in bone

Abstract

One of the most common prophylactic techniques to solve prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is incorporation of antibiotics into acrylic bone cement to prevent bacterial colonization and proliferation by providing local antibiotic delivery directly at the implant site. Further, there has been a significant concern over the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics within bone cement due to the rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. Selenium is an essential trace element that has multiple beneficial effects for human health and its chemotherapeutic action is well known. It was reported that nanostructured selenium enhanced bone cell adhesion and has an increased osteoblast function. In this context, we used the selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to improve antibacterial and antioxidant properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and tri calcium phosphate (TCP)-based bone cements, and to reduce of the infection risk caused by orthopedic implants. As another novelty of this study, we proposed phosphatidylcholine (PC) as a unique and natural stabilizer in the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. After the structural analysis of the prepared bone cements was performed, in vitro osteointegration and antibacterial efficiency were tested using MC3T-E1 (mouse osteoblastic cell line) and SaOS-2 (human primary osteogenic sarcoma) cell lines, and S. aureus (Gram positive) and E.coli (Gram negative) strains, respectively. More importantly, PC-SeNPs-reinforced bone cements exhibited significant effect against E. coli, compared to S. aureus and a dose-dependent antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains tested. Meanwhile, these bone cements induced the apoptosis of SaOS-2 through increased reactive oxygen species without negatively influencing the viability of the healthy cell line. Furthermore, the obtained confocal images revealed that PC-SeNPs (103.7 ± 0.56 nm) altered the cytoskeletal structure of SaOS-2 owing to SeNPs-induced apoptosis, when MC3T3-E1 cells showed a typical spindle-shaped morphology. Taken together, these results highlighted the potential of PC-SeNPs-doped bone cements as an effective graft material in bone applications.

The Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on the Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells

“…Through these results, it was confirmed that SeNPs at a concentration of 5–10 μg/mL promote the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition to previous studies reporting improved cell adhesion and osteoblast function [ 36 ], SeNPs protect against ROS-induced damage and are related to cell growth and differentiation regulation [ 67 , 68 , 69 ], confirming that they also affect the differentiation of cells.…”

“…Selenium is one of the important trace elements in the human body that regulates various physiological functions, such as antioxidant behavior, anti-inflammatory effects, and immunity functions [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Selenium plays a role in relieving oxidative stress in fibroblasts subjected to heat shock [ 39 ], inhibits the cell cycle, and induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in carcinogenic cell lines of the colon, breast, lung, or prostate [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…In addition, it is known that selenium plays an important role in the regulation of ROS by regulating the generation of ROS [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. It has been reported that selenium has potential anticancer activity by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death [ 36 , 50 ]. It is also known that selenium treatment improves osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) and to protect MSCs against inhibition of osteoblast differentiation caused by H 2 O 2 by inhibiting oxidative stress and Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) activation [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Application of additively manufactured 3D scaffolds for bone cancer treatment: a review

“…However, due to the relatively complex material preparation and characterization process, a limited number of publications have reported the use of selenium for 3D scaffolds. Most studies focused on the incorporation of selenium into ceramic, polymeric, and metallic nanoparticles, as well as a coating of metallic substrate [122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137]. These studies suggested that selenium is an effective functional material that can be used to treat bone cancer problems without affecting normal cells, also promoting bone regeneration, which is related to its antioxidant and prooxidant properties.…”

A Study on Myogenesis by Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Activity by Selenium Nanoparticles

“…Selenium is one of the essential trace elements that regulate various physiological functions, including anti-inflammatory effects and immune functions [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], and is also well known to play an essential role in regulating ROS levels [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Selenium has been reported to protect fibroblasts from oxidative stress [ 36 ] and apoptosis [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”